“…A shift of the Bragg re¯ection indicates that the atomic plane spacing is reduced or increased. Nanosecond to picosecond X-ray timeresolved experiments have clearly shown such thermal responses (Helliwell & Rentzepis, 1997;Larson et al, 1982Larson et al, , 1983Lunney et al, 1986;Wark et al, 1992;Zigler et al, 1987). The range of atomic distances, observable in the present geometry, can be estimated from the range of angles (Bragg angle AE1 ) covered by the focusing toroidal crystal.…”