Time-Sequential Monitoring of the Early Mesothelial Reaction in the Pleura after Cryoinjury

Abstract

(1) Background: An early mesothelial reaction of the pleura, leading to fibrosis, has been reported in animals after chemical or heavy metal exposure. However, the visual monitoring of early time-sequential mesothelial reaction-associated cryoinjury has not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and visualize the early mesothelial reactions seen following cryoinjury using rabbit pleura. (2) Methods: We monitored the early mesothelial reaction in rabbit pleurae after cryoinjury using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in real-time, which was then compared with pathological images. Due to the penetration limit of OCT, we made a thoracic window to image the parietal and visceral pleurae in vivo. We also used an innovative technique for capturing the microstructure in vivo, employing a computer-controlled intermittent iso-pressure breath hold to reduce respiratory motion, increasing the resolution of OCT. We organized three sample groups: the normal group, the sham group with just a thoracic window, and the experimental group with a thoracic window and cryotherapy. In the experimental group, localized cryoinjury was performed. The mesothelial cells at the level of pleura of the cryotherapy-injured site were visualized by OCT within the first 30 min and then again after 2 days at the same site. (3) Results: In the experimental group, focal thickening of the parietal pleura was observed at the site of cryoinjury using OCT after the first injury, and it was then confirmed pathologically as focal mesothelial cell proliferation. Two days after cryoinjury, diffuse mesothelial cell proliferation in the parietal pleura was noted on the reverse side around the cryoinjured site in the same rabbit. In the sham group, no pleural reaction was found. The OCT and pathological examinations revealed different patterns of mesothelial cell reactions between the parietal and visceral pleurae: the focal proliferation of mesothelial cells was found in the parietal pleura, while only a morphological change from flat cells to cuboidal cells and a thickened monolayer without proliferation of mesothelial cells were found in the visceral pleural. (4) Conclusions: An early mesothelial reaction occurs following cryoinjury to the parietal and visceral pleurae.