Time-Series Analysis on Persistent Scatter-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) Derived Displacements of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) from Sentinel-1A Observations

Abstract

The synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technique has been applied in monitoring the deformation of infrastructures, such as bridges, highways, railways and subways. Persistent scatterer (PS)-InSAR is one of the InSAR techniques, which utilises persistent scatterers to derive long-term displacements. This study applied time-series methods to post-process the PS-InSAR-derived time-series displacements with the use of 86 Sentinel-1A acquisitions spanning from 6 January 2018 to 27 November 2020. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and seasonal and trend decomposition using loess (STL) were combined to estimate the seasonal component of the total time-series displacements. Then, a temperature correlation map was generated by correlating the seasonal component with the temperature variation. Results show that the thermal expansion phenomenon is pronounced on the buildings of the Zhuhai–Macao Passenger Terminal as well as the bridge and road connecting to the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), while it is less obviously observed at the main Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB). In addition, sudden changes between subsidence and uplift can be detected through the p-values derived by applying the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test to the residual signals after removing the linear and seasonal components from the original ones.

MIMO-SAR Interferometric Measurements for Structural Monitoring: Accuracy and Limitations

“…Data acquisition is carried out by sensors, which may be installed in-situ like optical fibers [8], piezoelectric sensors [9], GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) receivers [10], accelerometers [11], and inclinometers [12]. Alternatively, the sensors might gather information relevant to assessing structural soundness remotely as is the case with robotic total stations [13], 3D-laser scanners [14], or radar systems [15][16][17][18]. Subsequently experts interpret the observations, diagnose the health status of the structure, and initiate on-site inspection of maintenance work in case of irregularities.…”

Artificial Intelligence Based Structural Assessment for Regional Short- and Medium-Span Concrete Beam Bridges with Inspection Information

“…Zollini et al [17] detected the width and length of cracks and extension of weathered areas using UAV Photogrammetry. The satellite-based remote sensing techniques are also used for assessing the structural condition of bridges [18][19][20][21][22]. Gagliardi et al [20] achieved the high precision of displacement measurement of bridges using satellite remote sensing Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI).…”

“…Tosti et al [21] integrated the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for monitoring transport assets at network level. Xiong et al [22] derived the long-term displacements of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) by the PSI and InSAR technology.…”

Use of Multiplatform SAR Imagery in Mining Deformation Monitoring with Dense Vegetation Coverage: A Case Study in the Fengfeng Mining Area, China

“…For example, persistent scatter InSAR (PSInSAR) and small baseline subset (SBAS) methods were proposed to reduce the effect of unwanted phase contributions, such as atmosphere, decorrelation noise, and digital elevation model (DEM) phase residual, and to retrieve more accurate ground deformation [12,13]. Currently, MTInSAR has been widely applied in monitoring the time series of deformation in different scenarios, such as seismic motion, landslides, and ground subsidence [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. In addition to mining activities, MTInSAR offers great potential for promoting studies of mining deformation, such as mechanism interpretation, parameter inversion, and deformation prediction [3].…”