Time Speeds Up During Flow States: A Study in Virtual Reality with the Video Game Thumper

Rutrecht, Hans M.; Wittmann, Marc; Khoshnoud, Shiva; Igarzábal, Federico Alvarez

doi:10.1163/22134468-bja10033

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We appreciate the significance of time, especially in relation to the study of the aforementioned variables and their relationships (e.g., Figure 1 ). Our underlying premise, concurring in part with recent research development into the neuroscience of time and flow (e.g., Wittmann, 2011 ; Rutrecht et al, 2021 ), contends that time displacement could indeed function as a confounding factor, which then would account for a state of flow, personal experience of flourishing, and/or the operational mechanism of optimization ( Phan et al, 2019b ). Interestingly, in a recent study, Rutrecht et al (2021) found that time that time perception is intricately linked to flow states.…”

Section: Conceptualization: Theory Of Goals Of Best Practicesupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Our underlying premise, concurring in part with recent research development into the neuroscience of time and flow (e.g., Wittmann, 2011 ; Rutrecht et al, 2021 ), contends that time displacement could indeed function as a confounding factor, which then would account for a state of flow, personal experience of flourishing, and/or the operational mechanism of optimization ( Phan et al, 2019b ). Interestingly, in a recent study, Rutrecht et al (2021) found that time that time perception is intricately linked to flow states. Particularly, that the more flow someone experiences, the less they think about time, and the faster time passes for them.…”

Section: Conceptualization: Theory Of Goals Of Best Practicesupporting

confidence: 60%

“…There is credence from existing findings (e.g., Engeser, 2012 ; Schiepe-Tiska and Engeser, 2012 ; Harmat et al, 2016 ; Csíkszentmihályi and Nakamura, 2018 ; Rutrecht et al, 2021 ; Tse et al, 2021 ; van der Linden et al, 2021 ) to support the study of flow in different contexts. As the literature shows, one interesting aspect of research development has focused on the neuroscience of flow states (e.g., Gold and Ciorciari, 2020 ; Ottiger et al, 2021 ; van der Linden et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: A State Of “Positivity”: An Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

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Advancing the Study of “Goals of Best Practice”: Toward Achieving Optimal Best – Educational Implications to Developments in Flow Research and Positive Optimal Psychology

Phan

Ngu

2022

Front. Psychol.

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The paradigm of positive psychology is significant in introducing positive psychological concepts such as “flourishing,” “optimal best,” and “a state of flow.” In terms of research development of positive psychology, the researchers of this article have made extensive theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions by advancing the study of optimal best. One aspect of this research, notably, consists of advancement of the psychological process of optimization. Optimization, in brief, provides a theoretical account into the “optimization” of a person’s state of functioning. Non-academically, a Buddhist nun’s seeking to successfully achieve an optimal state of enlightenment or, academically, a first-year student’s seeking to achieve an A grade in Psych 101 would require some form of optimization. Recent research development has, interestingly, considered a related concept known as “goals of best practice” (GsBP), which may co-exist with the process of optimization and/or assist to account for the optimization of learning experiences. This conceptual analysis article, by utilizing the paradigm of philosophical psychology, advances the study of optimal best practice by focusing on three major aspects: (i) to consider conceptually and philosophically how and/or the extent to which GsBP could, in fact, relate to the nature of flow, flourishing, and optimal best; (ii) to consider a methodological account, which could help to measure and assess the concept GsBP; and (iii) to consider the potential practicality of GsBP in educational contexts, which may assist to facilitate and motivate the achievement of optimal best. These three aspects, we firmly believe, are of significance as they provide grounding for implementation and continuing research development into the area of best practice.

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Section: Conceptualization: Theory Of Goals Of Best Practicesupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Conceptualization: Theory Of Goals Of Best Practicesupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: A State Of “Positivity”: An Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

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Advancing the Study of “Goals of Best Practice”: Toward Achieving Optimal Best – Educational Implications to Developments in Flow Research and Positive Optimal Psychology

Phan

Ngu

2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…The way that people perceive the speed of passing time would change according to the situation (e.g. time slowing in a waiting situation or flying when having fun) (Rutrecht et al, 2021;Witowska et al, 2020aWitowska et al, , 2020b. Similarly, the amount of time that people spend thinking about the past, present or future would also change according to context (e.g.…”

Section: Living Through a Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disrupting times in the wake of the pandemic: Dispositional time attitudes, time perception and temporal focus

Loose

2021

Time & Society

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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has majorly disrupted many aspects of people’s lives, provoking psychosocial distress among students. People’s positive and negative attitudes towards the past, present and future were a dispositional pre–COVID-19 reality. Faced with a pandemic, people have reported disruptions in the speed of passing time. People can shift their attention more towards the past, present or future when major changes in society occur. These aspects of psychological time would be key to understanding the quality of psychosocial adjustment to the pandemic. We hypothesized that dispositional time attitudes impact psychosocial distress because they would trigger situational changes in our time perception and temporal focus. Methods One hundred and forty-four university students in Uruguay responded to self-report questionnaires online while in-person classes were cancelled. Students reported on shifts in temporal focus, changes in time awareness and dispositional time attitudes. Reactive psychological, social and learning environment distress were reported. Results Students reported substantial changes in time perception and temporal focus. A correlation matrix showed significant relationships between time attitudes, focus and awareness. For example, psychological distress was correlated with negative time attitudes, slower passage of time, boredom, blurred sense of time and shifting focus to the past. Mediation models were derived. The indirect effect of time attitudes on psychological distress was significant through past focus. Discussion Dispositional time attitudes would impact students’ capacity to cope with the pandemic. Situational shifts in temporal focus and perception were prevalent and can be viewed as temporal coping mechanisms in the wake of powerful societal change. Our mediation models showed that those with negative time attitudes experienced more psychological distress because they shifted their attention to the past. Future directions for research and practical implications are discussed.

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“…In a survey conducted by Wood et al (2007), 99% of respondents reported losing track of time while playing video games. A number of experimental studies also showed that we tend to underestimate the duration of a play session and experience a faster passage of time (Bisson et al, 2012;Bisson & Grondin, 2013;Luthman et al, 2009;Rau et al, 2006;Rutrecht et al, 2021;Tobin et al, 2010;Tobin & Grondin, 2009;Wood et al, 2004). This relates directly to the mental state called flow Csikszentmihalyi, 2009Csikszentmihalyi, , 2014, which is characterized by deep absorption in an activity, a sense of control, and the loss of the senses of self and time (Wittmann, 2015(Wittmann, , 2018.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What happens while waiting in virtual reality? A comparison between a virtual and a real waiting situation concerning boredom, self-regulation, and the experience of time.

Igarzábal¹,

Hruby²,

Witowska³

et al. 2021

Technology, Mind, and Behavior

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Virtual environments are typically associated with entertainment and a fast subjective passage of time. This study examined the opposite effect by exposing participants (n = 83) to a virtual reality (VR) waiting room for 7.5 min. We assessed the participants' capacity for emotion regulation and self-control as well as their level of boredom, affective states, and experience of time while waiting. We designed this study after one previously conducted by Witowska et al. ( 2020) in a real waiting room, based on which we modeled the virtual room to compare the results. We expected our VR study to yield similar results to the real waiting room study, with correlations between boredom and a slower passage of time and increased thinking about time. Participants with a higher capacity for emotion regulation and self-control were expected to be less bored and experience time as passing faster than others. VR being an interesting new technology, we hypothesized that the virtual waiting room would be less boring and therefore lead to a faster subjective passage of time than the real room. Our results partly confirm the findings of the real waiting room study, showing correlations between boredom and increased thinking about time and a slower subjective passage of time. Contrary to our expectations, waiting in VR was more boring and led to a slower experience of time and more thoughts about time than waiting in the real room. We did not find the expected effect of emotion regulation and self-control on boredom and time perception.

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Time Speeds Up During Flow States: A Study in Virtual Reality with the Video Game Thumper

Cited by 52 publications

References 52 publications

Advancing the Study of “Goals of Best Practice”: Toward Achieving Optimal Best – Educational Implications to Developments in Flow Research and Positive Optimal Psychology

Advancing the Study of “Goals of Best Practice”: Toward Achieving Optimal Best – Educational Implications to Developments in Flow Research and Positive Optimal Psychology

Disrupting times in the wake of the pandemic: Dispositional time attitudes, time perception and temporal focus

What happens while waiting in virtual reality? A comparison between a virtual and a real waiting situation concerning boredom, self-regulation, and the experience of time.

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