Time to Conquer Fungal Infectious Diseases: Employing Nanoparticles as Powerful and Versatile Antifungal Nanosystems against a Wide Variety of Fungal Species

Abstract

The development of novel antifungal agents and, in particular, the widespread use of these medications over the course of the past two decades, has had a significant impact on the treatment of fungal infectious diseases. This has resulted in a complete transformation of the treatment of fungal infectious diseases. However, the widespread development of antibiotic resistance has masked the significance of such breakthroughs. Antifungal infection treatment with nanoparticles has been shown to be effective. As a result of their unique characteristics, these substances, in contrast to antibiotics in their purest form, are able to exhibit an increased anti-proliferative capacity while requiring a lower concentration than traditional drugs do in order to achieve the same effect. Decreased drug effectiveness, minimal tissue penetration throughout tissue, restricted tissue penetration, decreased bioavailability, poor drug pharmacokinetics, and low water solubility are some of the major factors contributing to the employment of antifungal medicines in delivery systems. Because of this, one of the primary goals of incorporating antifungal medications into varying sorts of nanoparticles is to reduce the negative effects of the drugs' inherent qualities. This article provides an overview of the many types of nanoparticles, such as metal, metal oxide, and non-metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanofibers, antifungal peptides, composites, and ZnO quantum dots, that can be used as antifungal drug delivery systems, as well as the benefits that these nanomaterials have over purified medications.

Current Knowledge, Research Progress, and Future Prospects of Phyto-Synthesized Nanoparticles Interactions with Food Crops under Induced Drought Stress

“…Further investigation is required to fully assess the possible toxicity of phyto-synthesized NPs to non-target organisms to ensure their safe and responsible use in agriculture. Before adopting large-scale applications, it is crucial to conduct risk assessments, carefully weighing both the short-and long-term repercussions [114,[374][375][376][377]. Measures should be taken to reduce any dangers to achieve a balance between using phytosynthesized NPs advantages for plant development and stress tolerance and safeguarding the agroecosystem's fragile ecological balance.…”

“…To achieve this equilibrium, eco-friendly behaviors must be emphasized. By adopting a cautious and informed approach, we can protect the environment and non-target creatures while ensuring that using various phytosynthesized nanoparticles in agriculture is both efficient and sustainable [374,375,378].…”

“…Longterm exposure of agricultural areas to these nanoparticles raises serious concerns because of the potential for their penetration into the soil and subsequent leaching into groundwater. Subterranean particle movement and behavior may be affected by the introduction of phyto-synthesized NPs, which may change the soil's physicochemical features [374]. This phenomenon's possible influence on groundwater quality is the most pressing concern.…”

overview of the biological activity of polyacrylamide hydrogels

“…Polyacrylamide is a highly effective anti-fungal agent that has been studied extensively and proven to provide effective solutions to a wide range of fungal infections (36). This polymer is a synthetic material composed of acrylamide, an organic compound and an amide linker (37).…”

Physicochemical, Morphological, and Cytotoxic Properties of Brazilian Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Starch Scaffold Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles

“…AgNPs have a wide range of applications in biomedicine and are commonly coupled with biomaterials to provide bactericidal effects [ 22 ]. By attaching to peptidoglycans, AgNPs can permeate bacterial membranes, causing structural alterations, increased membrane permeability, and, eventually, death [ 23 ].…”