“…However, some sectoral studies do exist. For example, Marshall et al (2002) -in their analysis of long-term price as a function of copper consumption growth rate, future production, and profitability established for mining projects -found evidence of heterogeneous effects at the domestic level and demonstrated that long-term variations have a direct influence on the investment strategies of copper companies; Cuddington and Jerrett (2008) used band-pass filters to extract particular cyclical components from copper price series data, and found that high and low price rally cycles may inform public budgetary adjustments; and finally, Tang (2012) proposed a reduced-form model of the stochastic long-run mean as a separate factor in order to explore the mean reversion of copper price, to generate long-term budgets for public and private agents, and to inform investment decisions.…”