Time vs. money — The supply of voluntary labor and charitable donations across Europe

Abstract

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Solidarity in Europe: A Comparative Assessment and Discussion

“…At the same time, solidarity is more diffused in regard to disabilities, when compared to the jobless and refugees or migrants. Consequently, our data reflects what we would expect when taking previous studies into consideration (Burgoon 2014;Bauer et al 2013;Oorschot 2000). Differences in levels of solidarity emerge when disaggregating the findings according to our eight countries.…”

The Psycho‐Social Processes Linking Income and Volunteering: Chronic Financial Strain and Well‐Being

“…The research on income and volunteering appears to support the consumption and resource theories, finding a positive relationship between level of income and volunteering (Bauer et al. ; Brown and Zhang ; Freeman 1999; Gomez and Gunderson ; Pho ; Rotolo and Wilson ; Wilson and Musick ). Occasionally, a study fails to replicate these findings (Bekkers ; McNamara and Gonzales ) or finds a negative relationship between income and volunteer hours (Choi and DiNitto ), but in general, the assumption is that even controlling for education and employment status, higher wage earners are more likely to volunteer.…”

“…If volunteer work is an object of consumption or a “normal good” those with more disposable income should consume more of it (Freeman ). In short, “volunteering should behave like any other source of utility, increasing as income rises” (Bauer, Bredtman, and Schmidt ). Economists acknowledge that “The relative importance of the two effects is uncertain” (Andreoni, Gale, and Scholz :7) .…”

Types of union participators over time: Toward a person‐centered and dynamic model of participation

“…Surprisingly, in terms of rank order, informal union promoters and silent supporters donated more money than did leadership participators and formal union promoters. These results may be a function of differences in the donation of time versus money (e.g., Bauer, Bredtmann, & Schmidt, ). The existing literature suggests that donating time and money are positively correlated, consistent with our findings regarding high participators, but our pattern of findings also suggests a compensatory effect.…”