Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in low- and middle-income countries, 1978–2021: Protocol for a scoping review to map methodologic gaps and determinants

Wariri, Oghenebrume; Okomo, Uduak; Kwarshak, Yakubu Kevin; Murray, Kris A.; Grundy, Chris; Kampmann, Beate

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253423

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Following descriptive qualitative content analysis, summary of the key findings will be presented using tables, charts and geospatial map(s) to aid visualisation. 46 More specifically, geospatial mapping will help highlight gaps in coverage of regulatory standards and guidance for regulating the use of health applications for self-management across countries within the WHO African Region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory standards and guidance for the use of health applications for self-management in Africa: scoping review protocol

et al. 2022

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IntroductionDespite health applications becoming ubiquitous and with enormous potential to facilitate self-management, regulatory challenges such as poor application quality, breach of data privacy and limited interoperability have impeded their full adoption. While many countries now have digital health-related policies/strategies, there is also a need for regulatory standards and guidance that address key regulatory challenges associated with the use of health applications. Currently, it is unclear the status of countries in Africa regarding regulatory standards and guidance that address the use of health applications.This protocol describes the process of conducting a scoping review which aims to investigate the extent to which regulatory standards and guidance address the use of health applications for self-management within the WHO African Region countries.MethodsThe review will follow the methodological framework for conducting a scoping study by Arksey and O’Malley (2005), and the updated methodological guidance for conducting a Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review. Given that regulatory standards and guidance are unlikely to be available in scientific databases, we will search Scopus, Google, OpenGrey, WHO Regional Office for Africa Library (AFROLIB), African Index Medicus (AIM), websites of WHO, ITU and Ministries of Health, repositories for digital health policies. We will also search the reference lists of included documents, and contact key stakeholders in the region. Results will be reported using descriptive qualitative content analysis based on the review objectives. The policy analysis framework by Walt and Gilson (1994) will be used to organise findings. A summary of the key findings will be presented using tables, charts and maps.Ethics and disseminationThe collection of primary data is not anticipated in this study and hence ethical approval will not be required. The review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal while key findings will be shared with relevant organisations and/or presented at conferences.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory standards and guidance for the use of health applications for self-management in Africa: scoping review protocol

et al. 2022

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“…The review is reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (S1 Checklist) [15]. Since registration of scoping reviews are currently not accepted in PROSPERO, we published the review protocol a priori in a peer-review journal [16]. The review process did not deviate from the previously published protocol.…”

Section: Measurement Gapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in 103 low-and middle-income countries, 1978–2021: A scoping review to map measurement and methodological gaps

Wariri

Okomo

Kwarshak

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Empiric studies exploring the timeliness of routine vaccination in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have gained momentum in the last decade. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence suggesting that these studies have key measurement and methodological gaps that limit their comparability and utility. Hence, there is a need to identify, and document these gaps which could inform the design, conduct, and reporting of future research on the timeliness of vaccination. We synthesised the literature to determine the methodological and measurement gaps in the assessment of vaccination timeliness in LMICs. We searched five electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles in English and French that evaluated vaccination timeliness in LMICs, and were published between 01 January 1978, and 01 July 2021. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and reviewed full texts of relevant articles, following the guidance framework for scoping reviews by the Joanna Briggs Institute. From the 4263 titles identified, we included 224 articles from 103 countries. China (40), India (27), and Kenya (23) had the highest number of publications respectively. Of the three domains of timeliness, the most studied domain was ‘delayed vaccination’ [99.5% (223/224)], followed by ‘early vaccination’ [21.9% (49/224)], and ‘untimely interval vaccination’ [9% (20/224)]. Definitions for early (seven different definitions), untimely interval (four different definitions), and delayed vaccination (19 different definitions) varied across the studies. Most studies [72.3% (166/224)] operationalised vaccination timeliness as a categorical variable, compared to only 9.8% (22/224) of studies that operationalised timeliness as continuous variables. A large proportion of studies [47.8% (107/224)] excluded the data of children with no written vaccination records irrespective of caregivers’ recall of their vaccination status. Our findings show that studies on vaccination timeliness in LMICs has measurement and methodological gaps. We recommend the development and implement of guidelines for measuring and reporting vaccination timeliness to bridge these gaps.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In children, timely immunization is an important strategy for reducing the global burden of VPDs (7,8). Adherence to timely immunization in children can dramatically reduce the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of various types of VPDs (8). Timely immunization in children refers to immunizing a child within 28 or 30 days of the scheduled immunization date (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adherence to timely immunization in children can dramatically reduce the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of various types of VPDs (8). Timely immunization in children refers to immunizing a child within 28 or 30 days of the scheduled immunization date (8,9). However, early administration (invalid immunization) or delayed administration or missing the dose of vaccines in children indicates non-compliance with the recommended immunization schedule, which is associated with a higher risk of VPDs and even deaths (3,(10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunization Non‐Compliance and Its Relationship with Maternal Knowledge among Child under Two Years of Age: A Community‐Based Survey in Urban Slums of Karachi, Pakistan

Khaliq,

Ali,

Zahid

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In children, the global burden of vaccines-preventable diseases (VPDs) and deaths can be averted by adopting timely immunization practices. Administering immunization to a child within 28 or 30 days of the designated immunization date is referred to as timely immunization. Delaying or missing vaccinations puts children, especially those in urban slums, at a higher risk of getting sick or dying from different diseases. This study was designed to examine the immunization practices and to measure the determinants of immunization non-compliance in children living in urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan. A community-based retrospective cohort was carried out from October-2018- to August-2019 in six different urban slums of Karachi. Immunization status of children aged less than 2 years was assessed by reviewing their vaccination card. Children from each slum were approached via 30x7 multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Data of each child was analysed descriptively and inferentially using a statistical software, i.e., Jamovi version 1.2.25. The practice of timely immunization was observed in approximately half of children, i.e., 49.8%(n=457). The immunization rate at birth (first-visit) was 100%, of which 95.7% were timely immunized. Following the second immunization visit, a sharp decline in the immunization rate, including timely immunization rate was observed. Lack of knowledge, childhood illnesses, lack of interest, and vaccines unavailability were the main reasons of immunization non-compliance. However, an increase in paternal education was significantly associated to decrease the odds of immunization non-compliance. A decrease in the practice of timely immunization is replaced by either invalid and/or delayed and/or missed immunization practices. Thus, timely immunization is crucial for preventing the infectious diseases and promoting the health of a child.

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Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in low- and middle-income countries, 1978–2021: Protocol for a scoping review to map methodologic gaps and determinants

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Regulatory standards and guidance for the use of health applications for self-management in Africa: scoping review protocol

Regulatory standards and guidance for the use of health applications for self-management in Africa: scoping review protocol

Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in 103 low-and middle-income countries, 1978–2021: A scoping review to map measurement and methodological gaps

Immunization Non‐Compliance and Its Relationship with Maternal Knowledge among Child under Two Years of Age: A Community‐Based Survey in Urban Slums of Karachi, Pakistan

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