Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity

Ruddick-Collins, Leonie C.; Morgan, Peter J.; Fyfe, Claire; Filipe, J. A. N.; Horgan, Graham; Johnston, Jonathan D.; Johnstone, Alexandra

doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.001

Cited by 59 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…However, the authors found reduced feelings of appetite and hunger after the morning-loaded diet. 22 In addition, there is epidemiological evidence in adults showing that a higher proportion of carbohydrates (and less fat) consumed in the morning (breakfast) and lunchtime is associated with a lower risk of T2D incidence over 10 years, 127 consistent with others who have shown that the consumption of carbohydrates after 8:00 pm is associated with higher body-mass index. 128 In adults under caloric restriction (1500 kcal/day), a protein/carbohydraterich breakfast improves weight maintenance after losing weight, promoting weight loss, satiety, and diminishing ghrelin levels.…”

Section: Transfer Into Treatment Of Obesity: the Timing Of Meals And ...supporting

confidence: 53%

“…18,132 In fact, a very recent study in mice showed that animals fed in line with the circadian clock (i.e., time-restricted animals fed during the dark period) had increased thermogenesis, a finding dependent on the adipocyte circadian clock and on the synthesis of creatine (contributing to creatine-induced thermogenesis), showing that eating out of synchrony with the adipocyte circadian rhythms of thermogenesis contributes to metabolic disruption. 133 It is worth mentioning that in humans, however, studies modifying energy intake throughout the day 22 or implementing a TRE protocol 134,135 have reported no significant changes in total energy expenditure.…”

Section: Transfer Into Treatment Of Obesity: the Timing Of Meals And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that the timing of food intake plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health or treating impaired metabolic processes in pathological conditions 9,19,20 . In humans, for instance, decreasing caloric intake from morning to afternoon hours could be a valuable strategy for weight‐loss success in adults with obesity 21,22 . However, the time of day has only been taken into consideration more recently in the context of dietary interventions, as most nutritional strategies have focused on restricting total energy intake (i.e., continuous caloric restriction) or the manipulation of the diet's macronutrient composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When should I eat: A circadian view on food intake and metabolic regulation

et al. 2023

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The circadian clock is a hierarchical timing system regulating most physiological and behavioral functions with a period of approximately 24 h in humans and other mammalian species. The circadian clock drives daily eating rhythms that, in turn, reinforce the circadian clock network itself to anticipate and orchestrate metabolic responses to food intake. Eating is tightly interconnected with the circadian clock and recent evidence shows that the timing of meals is crucial for the control of appetite and metabolic regulation. Obesity results from combined long‐term dysregulation in food intake (homeostatic and hedonic circuits), energy expenditure, and energy storage. Increasing evidence supports that the loss of synchrony of daily rhythms significantly impairs metabolic homeostasis and is associated with obesity. This review presents an overview of mechanisms regulating food intake (homeostatic/hedonic) and focuses on the crucial role of the circadian clock on the metabolic response to eating, thus providing a fundamental research axis to maintain a healthy eating behavior.

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Section: Transfer Into Treatment Of Obesity: the Timing Of Meals And ...supporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Transfer Into Treatment Of Obesity: the Timing Of Meals And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When should I eat: A circadian view on food intake and metabolic regulation

et al. 2023

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“…They performed a 4-week crossover isocaloric and eucaloric feeding trial, comparing "morning loaded" (45%:35%:20% calories at breakfast:lunch:dinner) vs. "evening loaded" (20%:35%:45% calories at breakfast:lunch:dinner) calorie intake. This was a free-living study, but all food and beverages were provided, making it "the most rigorously controlled study to assess timing of eating in humans to date" [38]. As can be assumed based on the mass balance approach, the results indicate no differences in body mass loss, total daily energy expenditure or resting metabolic rate related to the timing of calorie distribution.…”

Section: Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Positive Mass Balance is the Actual Etiology of Obesity: A Living Review

Manninen¹

2022

Preprint

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According to known laws of physics, chronic positive mass balance is the actual etiology of obesity, not positive energy balance. The relevant physical law in terms of body mass regulation is the Law of Conservation of Mass, not the Law of Conservation of Energy. A recently proposed mass balance model (MBM) describes the temporal evolution of body weight and body composition under a wide variety of feeding experiments, and it seems to provide a highly accurate description of the very best experimental human feeding data. By shifting to a mass balance paradigm of obesity, a deeper understanding of this disease may follow in the near future. The purpose of this living review is to present the core issues of the upcoming paradigm shift as well as some practical applications related to the topic.

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“…Ruddick-Collins et al demonstrates this fact in an excellent way [38]. They performed a 4-week crossover isocaloric and eucaloric feeding trial, comparing "morning loaded" (45%:35%:20% calories at breakfast:lunch:dinner) vs. "evening loaded" (20%:35%:45% calories at breakfast:lunch:dinner) calorie intake.…”

Section: Massmentioning

confidence: 99%