Timing of post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: influence on IL-6 and hepcidin responses

Badenhorst, Claire E.; Dawson, Brian; Cox, Gregory R.; Laarakkers, Coby M.; Swinkels, Dorine W.; Peeling, Peter

doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3202-0

Cited by 26 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In addition, the timing of carbohydrate supplementation appears to be a factor in plasma IL‐6 levels. Studies that solely provided subjects with carbohydrate before (63) or after (64, 65) exercise failed to observe an attenuation in plasma IL‐6 concentrations, suggesting that carbohydrate must be consumed during exercise to observe an attenuation in circulating concentrations of muscle‐derived IL‐6. Moreover, studies involving eccentric exercise failed to observe an attenuation in the increase in circulating concentrations of muscle‐ (61) or immune cell–derived (64) IL‐6.…”

Section: Nutritional Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, subjects were in the postabsorptive state) and consume a carbohydrate beverage or a noncaloric placebo beverage ( e.g. , artificially sweetened water with electrolytes) (10, 47–56, 58–65) during prolonged exercise lasting >2 h. Studies that provided subjects with a standardized breakfast <2 h before exercise (56, 58, 59) ( i.e. , subjects were in the fed state) and that had subjects consume a placebo or carbohydrate beverage during exercise lasting <2 h failed to demonstrate attenuation in plasma IL‐6 levels after exercise.…”

Section: Nutritional Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies that determined the hepcidin response to exercise are shown in Supplemental Table 6 (49, 56, 65, 67, 69, 70, 88, 96). All studies that reported an increase in circulating levels of IL‐6 after exercise also reported an increase in hepcidin (49, 56, 65, 67, 69, 70, 96). Accordingly, the postexercise increase in circulating levels of IL‐6 preceded the rise in hepcidin at ~3 h after exercise, which in some instances resulted in declines in markers of iron status.…”

Section: Effects Of Nutritional Interventions On Mineral Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional interventions and the IL‐6 response to exercise

2017

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IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biologic effects. In response to prolonged exercise, IL-6 is synthesized by contracting skeletal muscle and released into circulation. Circulating IL-6 is thought to maintain energy status during exercise by acting as an energy sensor for contracting muscle and stimulating glucose production. If tissue damage occurs, immune cells infiltrate and secrete cytokines, including IL-6, to repair skeletal muscle damage. With adequate rest and nutrition, the IL-6 response to exercise is attenuated as skeletal muscle adapts to training. However, sustained elevations in IL-6 due to repeated bouts of unaccustomed activities or prolonged exercise with limited rest may result in untoward physiologic effects, such as accelerated muscle proteolysis and diminished nutrient absorption, and may impair normal adaptive responses to training. Recent intervention studies have explored the role of mixed meals or carbohydrate, protein, v-3 fatty acid, or antioxidant supplementation in mitigating exercise-induced increases in IL-6. Emerging evidence suggests that sufficient energy intake before exercise is an important factor in attenuating exercise-induced IL-6 by maintaining muscle glycogen. We detail various nutritional interventions that may affect the IL-6 response to exercise in healthy human adults and provide recommendations for future research exploring the role of IL-6 in the adaptive response to exercise.-Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., Pasiakos, S. M. Nutritional interventions and the IL-6 response to exercise. FASEB J. 31, 3719-3728 (2017). www.fasebj.org

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Section: Nutritional Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutritional Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Nutritional Interventions On Mineral Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional interventions and the IL‐6 response to exercise

2017

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“…The recovery periods encompassed 90 s of active-recovery at 5 km·h -1 . This particular interval running protocol was adapted from previous research conducted in our laboratory, which has shown a significant haemolytic responses to the type of work completed here (Badenhorst et al, 2015;Badenhorst et al, 2014;Sim et al, 2013). Furthermore, interval running training has been shown to result in a greater haemolytic response as compared to a distance matched, low intensity continuous run (Peeling et al, 2009).…”

Section: Experimental Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of haemolytic responses in fore-foot and rear-foot distance runners

Caulfield

McDonald

Dawson

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study examined the haemolytic effects of an interval-based running task in fore-foot and rear-foot striking runners. Nineteen male distance runners (10 fore-foot, 9 rear-foot) completed 8 × 3 min repeats at 90% vVO2peak on a motorised treadmill. Pre- and post-exercise venous blood samples were analysed for serum haptoglobin to quantify the haemolytic response to running. Vertical ground reaction forces were also captured via a force plate beneath the treadmill belt. Haptoglobin levels were significantly decreased following exercise (P = 0.001) in both groups (but not between groups), suggesting that the running task created a haemolytic stress. The ground reaction force data showed strong effect sizes for a greater peak force (d = 1.20) and impulse (d = 1.37) in fore-foot runners, and a greater rate of force development (d = 2.74) in rear-foot runners. The lack of difference in haptoglobin response between groups may be explained by the trend for fore-foot runners to experience greater peak force and impulse during the stance phase of their running gait, potentially negating any impact of the greater rate of force development occurring from the rear-foot runners' heel strike. Neither type of runner (fore-foot or rear-foot) appears more susceptible to technique-related foot-strike haemolysis.

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“…Sufficient evidence has revealed that various types of exercise increase the serum hepcidin level during the postexercise period (Badenhorst et al., 2015a; Domínguez et al., 2018; Goto, Kasai, Kojima, & Ishibashi, 2018; Goto, Sumi, Kojima, & Ishibashi, 2017; Peeling et al., 2017). Moreover, the increase in postexercise hepcidin level has been attributed to exercise‐induced increases in interleukin (IL)‐6 in iron sufficient individuals (Badenhorst et al., 2015a, 2015b; Peeling, 2010). As a support of this idea, lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a protagonist of the inflammatory response) injection increased IL‐6 levels with subsequent elevation of urinary hepcidin levels peaked 3 hr thereafter (Kemna, Pickkers, Nemeth, van der Hoeven, & Swinkels, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial sleep deprivation after an acute exercise session does not augment hepcidin levels the following day

et al. 2020

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session in the evening on the endurance exercise‐induced hepcidin response the following morning. Ten recreationally trained males participated under two different conditions. Each condition consisted of 2 consecutive days of training (days 1 and 2). On day 1, participants ran for 60 min at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake ( trueV˙O2max) followed by 100 drop jumps. Sleep duration at night was manipulated, with a normal length of sleep (CON condition, 23:00–07:00 hr) or a shortened length of sleep (PSD condition). On the morning of day 2, the participants ran for 60 min at 65% of trueV˙O2max. Sleep duration was significantly shorter under the PSD condition (141.2 ± 13.3 min) than under the CON condition (469.0 ± 2.3 min, p < .0001). Serum hepcidin, plasma interleukin (IL)‐6, serum haptoglobin, iron, and myoglobin levels did not differ significantly between the conditions (p > .05) on the morning (before exercise) of day 2. Additionally, the 3‐hr postexercise levels for the hematological variables were not significantly different between the two conditions (p > .05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a single night of PSD after an exercise session in the evening did not affect baseline serum hepcidin level the following morning. Moreover, a 60 min run the following morning increased serum hepcidin and plasma IL‐6 levels significantly, but the exercise‐induced elevations were not affected by PSD.

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Timing of post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: influence on IL-6 and hepcidin responses

Abstract: The timing and ingestion of post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion do not appear to impact post-exercise interleukin-6 and hepcidin responses; this is likely a result of the interval running task inducing an inflammatory response and subsequent up-regulation of hepcidin.

Cited by 26 publications

References 44 publications

Nutritional interventions and the IL‐6 response to exercise

Nutritional interventions and the IL‐6 response to exercise

A comparison of haemolytic responses in fore-foot and rear-foot distance runners

Partial sleep deprivation after an acute exercise session does not augment hepcidin levels the following day

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