“…For our mostly arid region, we estimated, on average, 66.5 ± 10.11% reduction in current distribution of the target ungulates by 2070, which is similar to the estimate calculated for Marco polo sheep ( O. ammon polii ) in Tajikistan (65.6% loss; Salas, Valdez, Michel, & Boykin, 2018), but higher than those obtained for large mammals in generally less arid regions like the Tibetan Plateau (30%–55% loss; Luo et al., 2015), the African continent (18% loss; Thuiller et al., 2006), in tropical forests of Asia (37% loss; Deb, Phinn, Butt, & McAlpine, 2019) and temperate Europe (30% loss; Levinsky, Skov, Svenning, & Rahbek, 2007) indicating that climate change could have generally larger impacts on species in arid regions (Heffelfinger et al., 2018), such as central Iran. Within central Iran, however, we obtained different estimates of climate change impact on the future distribution of the ungulates, which may be related to varying rates of climate change across their habitats.…”