Timing of the Gut Closure

Vukavić, Tamara

doi:10.1097/00005176-198411000-00011

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Total protein is seen to decrease, probably due to the decreasing concentration of factors such as immunoglobulins secreted into BM . This not only reflects the infants decreased requirement for them, as their own immune system becomes functional, but also reflects the increasing inability of the infant gut to absorb proteins, as gut closure occurs and the permeability of the gut to macromolecules decreases over the first 3 days of life .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplatform characterization of dynamic changes in breast milk during lactation

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The multicomponent analysis of human breast milk (BM) by metabolic profiling is a new area of study applied to determining milk composition, and is capable of associating BM composition with maternal characteristics, and subsequent infant health outcomes. A multiplatform approach combining HPLC‐MS and ultra‐performance LC‐MS, GC‐MS, CE‐MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to comprehensively characterize metabolic profiles from seventy BM samples. A total of 710 metabolites spanning multiple molecular classes were defined. The utility of the individual and combined analytical platforms was explored in relation to numbers of metabolites identified, as well as the reproducibility of the methods. The greatest number of metabolites was identified by the single phase HPLC‐MS method, while CE‐MS uniquely profiled amino acids in detail and NMR was the most reproducible, whereas GC‐MS targeted volatile compounds and short chain fatty acids. Dynamic changes in BM composition were characterized over the first 3 months of lactation. Metabolites identified as altering in abundance over lactation included fucose, di‐ and triacylglycerols, and short chain fatty acids, known to be important for infant immunological, neurological, and gastrointestinal development, as well as being an important source of energy. This extensive metabolic coverage of the dynamic BM metabolome provides a baseline for investigating the impact of maternal characteristics, as well as establishing the impact of environmental and dietary factors on the composition of BM, with a focus on the downstream health consequences this may have for infants.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplatform characterization of dynamic changes in breast milk during lactation

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our previous studies demonstrating the ability of milk exosomes to induce the expression of Foxp3 and inhibition of cytokine production in PBMC in vitro , together with additional studies showing that immune‐related miRNA are enriched in breast milk exosomes, suggest a potential function of exosomes in cell–cell communication from mother to child . Due to the permeable nature of the infant gut , where cells from the milk can penetrate (shown in vivo in animal models) , as well as the relatively alkaline gastric pH and low peptic activity in newborns , it is likely that exosomes from milk might play a role in the development of the child's immune system. Interestingly, we here found that children sensitized at 2 years of age had been breast‐fed by mothers having significantly higher levels of HLA‐ABC expression on mature milk exosomes compared with those whose children remained nonsensitized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in exosome populations in human breast milk in relation to allergic sensitization and lifestyle

Paredes

Gutzeit

Johansson

et al. 2014

Allergy

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…‘Gut closure’, the process whereby the gut wall is no longer semi-permeable to macromolecules, occurs within a few days after birth in ruminants [18] [18] and pigs [19], but it does not occur until after weaning (3 weeks) in rats and mice [20], [21], [22]. In humans, a considerable amount of ‘gut-closure’ occurs before birth and within a few days after birth but it may in fact take up to 2 years to reach the same level of impermeability that is observed in the adult gut [23], [24]. We submit that antigens introduced prior to ‘gut-closure’ may be better able to penetrate the gut wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Dose Antigen Exposure for a Finite Period in Newborn Rats Prevents Induction of Mucosal Tolerance

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn adult rats, initial exposure to antigens by a mucosal route triggers tolerance such that any subsequent re-exposure, even by a systemic route, results in suppression of immunity. The newborn’s gut is semi-permeable for a finite period to allow maternal antibodies to enter the newborn’s circulation. We propose that antigens introduced in extreme early life can readily traverse the gut wall and therefore circumvent induction of mucosal tolerance.Methodology/Principle FindingsRat pups were gavaged with low-doses of ovalbumin (OVA; oral exposure group) or saline (parenteral control group) every second day for several weeks followed by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at 1 month of age. When gavage was initiated the day after birth, newborn oral exposure pups responded with significantly higher anti-OVA IgA, IgM, IgG2a, and IgG1 titres in their serum and anti-OVA IgA, IgG2a and IgG1 titres in their lungs compared to negative control pups. Oral exposure alone failed to induce immunity. Pups exposed to the same treatment regimen starting at 14 days of age showed induction of mucosal tolerance after i.p. immunization. Newborn oral exposure groups subjected to secondary i.p. immunization responded with significantly increased humoral immunity in lung and sera suggesting that once antigen-specific mucosal tolerance if circumvented, it persists. Lymphocytes derived from mesenteric lymph node cells re-simulated with OVA ex vivo, from newborn oral exposure pups exposed to secondary immunization produced significantly higher IFN-γ expression and lymphocyte proliferation relative to control pups indicating prevention of tolerance in the cell-mediated immune system.Conclusions/SignificanceThis work demonstrates that newborns may be uniquely qualified to prevent induction of mucosal tolerance to oral antigens. These results should be further explored to establish whether prevention of tolerance by early life oral vaccination can be exploited to prime for mucosal as well as systemic immunity and thus protect this susceptible population against infectious diseases.

show abstract

Timing of the Gut Closure

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Multiplatform characterization of dynamic changes in breast milk during lactation

Multiplatform characterization of dynamic changes in breast milk during lactation

Differences in exosome populations in human breast milk in relation to allergic sensitization and lifestyle

Low Dose Antigen Exposure for a Finite Period in Newborn Rats Prevents Induction of Mucosal Tolerance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About