Tin Halide Perovskites: From Fundamental Properties to Solar Cells

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites have unique optical and electrical properties, which make them an excellent class of materials for a broad spectrum of optoelectronic applications. However, it is with photovoltaic devices that this class of materials has reached the apotheosis of popularity. High power conversion efficiencies are achieved with lead‐based compounds, which are toxic to the environment. Tin‐based perovskites are the most promising alternative because of their bandgap close to the optimal value for photovoltaic applications, the strong optical absorption, and good charge carrier mobilities. Nevertheless, the low defect tolerance, the fast crystallization, and the oxidative instability of tin halide perovskites currently limit their efficiency. The aim of this review is to give a detailed overview of the crystallographic, photophysical, and optoelectronic properties of tin‐based perovskite compounds in their multiple forms from 3D to low‐dimensional structures. At the end, recent progress in tin‐based perovskite solar cells are reviewed, mainly focusing on the detail of the strategies adopted to improve the device performances. For each subtopic, the current challenges and the outlook are discussed, with the aim to stimulate the community to address the most important issues in a concerted manner.

Low Exciton Binding Energies and Localized Exciton–Polaron States in 2D Tin Halide Perovskites

“…Optical Mater. 2022, 10, 2102698 (3) behavior and the line shapes are consistent between the two compositions, PEA 2 SnI 4 and BA 2 SnI 4 . In the SI Section S13, we explore possible physical origins for these above-gap EA feature and conclude they likely originate from the low-field FK effect.…”

Raman spectroscopy in layered hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites

“…Nevertheless, continuous efforts are being made to address several challenges originating from the composition and mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of HOIPs for their successful application in optoelectronic devices, such as the presence of Pb [16,17], low ambient stability (thermal stress, light or oxygen/moisture) [15,[18][19][20], or ion migration under operation [10,18,[21][22][23]. The development of environmentally friendly Pb-free candidates [10,[24][25][26][27][28] aiming at replacing the toxic Pb [18] led to the appearance of double HOIPs, which also present better ambient stability. These double HOIPs emerge from the three-dimensional (3D) HOIPs, with general formula A I B II X 3 (A = small organic or inorganic alkaline cation; B = metal cation and X = halide anion), where B = Pb 2+ , can be replaced by a combination of trivalent (Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ ) and monovalent (Ag + , Cu + , Au + , K + ) cations [18,[29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Amino Acid‐Based Low‐Dimensional Management for Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells

“…As star photovoltaic materials, the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites show superior photoelectric properties, which enabled the quick development of efficiency reaching 25.5%. [ 1 ] As the top photovoltaic materials, perovskites possess large absorption coefficients, small exciton binding energies, [ 2,3 ] long carrier diffusion lengths, [ 4–7 ] high charge‐carrier mobilities, [ 8–11 ] and flexible solution fabrication. [ 12–15 ] Therefore, perovskite solar cells developed quickly, especially with some optimization engineering.…”