Tin(II) Doped Anatase (TiO₂) Nanoparticles: A Potential Route to “Greener” Yellow Pigments

Abstract

During our exploration of compounds in the Sn(II)-Ti(IV)-O system, we discovered that hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide solution in the presence of Sn(II) salts resulted in stable deep-yellow colored anatase nanoparticles. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe, thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and (119)Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mössbauer data of the yellow colored samples showed the presence of both Sn(II) and Sn(IV) in a distorted environment as expected in the anatase structure. It is suggested that the cationic charge imbalance is compensated by oxygen vacancies and/or hydroxyl groups as evidenced by Mössbauer data which show two types of Sn(II) environments. When heated in air to 300 degrees C the samples changed color to completely white and (119)Sn Mössbauer data of these samples showed only the presence of Sn(IV). These observations indicate that the origin of the yellow color in our Sn doped anatase nanoparticles arises from filled Sn 5s states just above the O 2p band, thus decreasing the band gap. The Sn(II) doped anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles reported here can potentially lead to environmentally benign yellow pigments. The simplistic nature of the synthetic procedure could easily be adapted to large-scale industrial manufacture.

Anamolously High Lithium Storage in Mesoporous Nanoparticulate Aggregation of Fe3+ Doped Anatase Titania

“…However, there was considerable growth in the size of the particles when sintered at higher temperatures. The particle size increased from an average 5.6 nm to (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) nm at temperatures ≥ 450 • C. Rietveld profile fitting was carried out to demonstrate the Fe 3+ ion substitution of Ti 4+ . The structural parameters are given in Table 1 (supporting information Table 1).…”

“…Synthesis and characterization of TiO 2 .-Fe doped anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple one step method similar to that reported in ref 21. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP, Spectrochem Pvt.…”

Tin-sulfur based catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination

“…Table 4 and Figure 4a prove the co-existence of Sn, S, O, C and Na in catalysts. Furthermore, it can be observed in Figure 4b, two peaks at 487.2~487.6 eV and 489.5~495.9 eV can be fitted to Sn3d 3/2 and Sn3d 5/2 , respectively [24,25]. However, the Sn3d peaks over (CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 Sn/AC behave a negative shift as compare to (CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 Sn/S@AC, showing the existence of interaction between S@AC and Sn species (Figure 4c).…”

Role of Synthetic Parameters on the Structural and Optical Properties of N,Sn-Copromoted Nanostructured TiO2: A Combined Ti K-Edge and Sn L2,3-Edges X-ray Absorption Investigation

“…The reported syntheses of Sn 2+ -doped TiO 2 use SnCl 2 as a starting material and require reducing conditions [ 5 , 8 ], leading to materials with limited thermal stability [ 1 , 10 , 11 ]. As a matter of fact, thermal treatments in non-reducing atmosphere result in the conversion of Sn 2+ in Sn 4+ , leading to the loss of visible-light absorption.…”

“…Most of the reports on Sn-doped TiO 2 investigate the oxide structural features and the dopant oxidation state by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively, with only few reports using other techniques, such as Mössbauer spectroscopy [ 6 , 10 , 11 ] and X-ray absorption (XAS) techniques, like extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) [ 11 , 21 ] and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) [ 3 , 21 , 22 ]. To the authors’ best knowledge, the latter are exclusively limited to K-edge spectra of Sn.…”