Tinea pedis: The etiology and global epidemiology of a common fungal infection

İlkit, Macit; Durdu, Murat

doi:10.3109/1040841x.2013.856853

Cited by 134 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…In central and northern Europe, the example of Germany, which has been widely reviewed by Seebacher et al [21••] and Nenoff et al [16••], shows that the predominance of E. floccosum and M. audouinii as causal agents of tinea corporis and TC, respectively, in the 1920s has been progressively replaced by that of T. rubrum which since the 1950s has been the most prevalent dermatophyte in Europe, causing mainly tinea pedis and tinea unguium. This species has evolved since the nineteenth century as a cause of chronic tinea corporis from the endemic areas in South Asia [22]. Since the 1950s it has progressively replaced anthropophilic T. interdigitale as the aetiological agent in tinea pedis and unguium throughout Europe [21••].…”

Section: Trends In Epidemiology Evolution Of Dermatophytosis In Europmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach

Hayette

Sacheli

2015

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

110

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Dermatophytes are amongst the most common fungal agents causing superficial skin infections. The epidemiology of dermatophytosis has changed during the last century under the influence of socioeconomic factors, modern life, intensification of travel, migration of populations from the southern to the northern hemisphere. As result, Trichophyton rubrum has become the most frequent species worldwide, causing mainly tinea pedis and tinea unguium, while Microsporum canis is still the main agent in tinea corporis and capitis in Mediterranean countries. However, the prevalence of anthropophilic dermatophytes causing tinea capitis in young children is increasing overall in the big cities of Europe and America, causing epidemics and becoming a public health concern. This review summarizes the current status of dermatophyte infection in Europe, Africa, Asia and America and gives an overview of the most recent molecular methods currently available for the laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis.

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Section: Trends In Epidemiology Evolution Of Dermatophytosis In Europmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach

Hayette

Sacheli

2015

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

110

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“…The disease is caused by members of the three genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton, which include over 40 dermatophyte species, many of them infect humans [2,3]. These species are closely related to each other phylogenetically [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of 316 Clinical Isolates of Dermatophytes in Iran

et al. 2015

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Dermatophytosis is a common mycotic infection of the skin, nail, and hair, associated with major public health concern worldwide. Various species of dermatophytes show significant differences in susceptibility to antifungals. Here, we present the antifungal susceptibility of a large collection of molecularly identified dermatophyte isolates obtained from tropical region of south of Iran. A total of 9485 patients clinically suspected to have cutaneous fungal infections were examined. Dermatophytosis was confirmed in 1502 cases by direct microscopy and culture. Three hundred and sixteen isolates recovered in culture were identified to species level using PCR sequencing of ITS region and RFLP. Tinea corporis was the most prevalent type of clinical manifestation (35.2 %), followed by tinea cruris (17 %), tinea capitis (12.8 %), tinea pedis (11.3 %), tinea manuum (11 %), tinea unguium (6.9 %), and tinea barbae (5.8 %). Trichophyton interdigitale was the most common isolate (49.36 %), followed by Trichophyton rubrum (18.98 %), Epidermophyton floccosum (13.29 %), Microsporum canis (9.17 %), Arthroderma benhamiae (T. anamorph of A. benhamiae; 5.38 %), and Trichophyton tonsurans (3.79 %). Overall, irrespective of the geographical region, terbinafine was the most potent antifungal against all isolates, with an MIC range of 0.002-0.25 μg/mL, followed by itraconazole (0.004-0.5 μg/mL), griseofulvin (0.125-8 μg/mL), and fluconazole (4-128 μg/mL). Analysis of our data revealed a significant increase in the frequency of A.benhamiae, which definitely warrants further investigation to explore source of this infection in south of Iran. Moreover, terbinafine was the most effective antifungal against all isolates, in vitro.

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“…T. rubrum infections of hair, skin, and nails have increased over the past 70 years, especially in the elderly and in some countries also in children (6)(7)(8). Chronic skin infections caused by T. rubrum can become sites for secondary infection by other microorganisms, such as Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, which can become life-threatening in immunocompromised and immunosuppressed patients if the secondary infection becomes systemic (9)(10)(11)(12).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51

Warrilow

Parker

Price

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Prior to characterization of antifungal inhibitors that target CYP51, Trichophyton rubrum CYP51 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. T. rubrum CYP51 bound lanosterol, obtusifoliol, and eburicol with similar affinities (dissociation constant [K d ] values, 22.7, 20.3, and 20.9 M, respectively) but displayed substrate specificity, insofar as only eburicol was demethylated in CYP51 reconstitution assays (turnover number, 1.55 min Ϫ1 ; K m value, 2 M). The investigational agent VT-1161 bound tightly to T. rubrum CYP51 (K d ϭ 242 nM) with an affinity similar to that of clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole (K d values, 179, 173, 312, and 304 nM, respectively) and with an affinity lower than that of itraconazole (K d ϭ 53 nM). Determinations of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) using 0.5 M CYP51 showed that VT-1161 was a tight-binding inhibitor of T. rubrum CYP51 activity, yielding an IC 50 of 0.14 M, whereas itraconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole had IC 50 s of 0.26, 0.4, and 0.6 M, respectively. When the activity of VT-1161 was tested against 34 clinical isolates, VT-1161 was a potent inhibitor of T. rubrum growth, with MIC 50 , MIC 90 , and geometric mean MIC values of Յ0.03, 0.06, and 0.033 g ml Ϫ1 , respectively. With its selectivity versus human CYP51 and drugmetabolizing cytochrome P450s having already been established, VT-1161 should prove to be safe and effective in combating T. rubrum infections in patients.

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Tinea pedis: The etiology and global epidemiology of a common fungal infection

Cited by 134 publications

References 129 publications

Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach

Dermatophytosis, Trends in Epidemiology and Diagnostic Approach

Molecular Characterization and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of 316 Clinical Isolates of Dermatophytes in Iran

The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51

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