Tinkering with the Tinkerer: Pollution versus Evolution

Fox, Glen A.

doi:10.2307/3432418

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Adaptation to anthropogenic stressors is believed to be advantageous for populations inhabiting contaminated ecosystems; however, fitness costs often offset the advantages of adaptation (Fox 1995). Adaptation occurs in response to the immediate conditions populations are exposed to with no regard for the long-term consequences (i.e., fitness trade-offs, Bartholomew 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among Daphnia magna

Brausch

Smith

2009

Ecotoxicology

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In this study, Daphnia magna were exposed to a pyrethroid insecticide (cyfluthrin) or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (naphthalene) for 12 generations to evaluate development of resistance followed by a 12 generation recovery period. Twenty-four hour old D. magna were exposed to concentrations of each chemical resulting in 50-70% mortality to select for the least sensitive individuals. LC50 values, survival, reproductive output, and time to first brood in stressor-exposed and control D. magna were recorded for each generation. Significant changes in LC50 values were observed after 4 generations and then declined after 6-10 generations post-exposure. D. magna were 5 times less sensitive to cyfluthrin and 3 times less sensitive to naphthalene as compared to controls after 12 generations of exposure. There were no differences in survival, time to first brood, or total number of offspring produced between control and either of the resistant F13 D. magna. Cyfluthrin exposed D. magna exhibited cross-resistance to DDT and methyl parathion, and naphthalene resistant D. magna were less sensitive than controls to both pyrene and benz(a)anthracene. When the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide was used in conjunction with cyfluthrin and naphthalene the sensitivity of resistant and control D. magna were equal, suggesting P450s were responsible for conveying resistance. This study demonstrates that life history and organisms' capacity to develop resistance is important to consider ensuring accuracy of ecological risk assessments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among Daphnia magna

Brausch

Smith

2009

Ecotoxicology

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“…This will be especially serious in the case of contamination, because the stressor becomes permanent, so that contaminated birds never experience stress-free breeding seasons. Another possible, although not mutually exclusive, explanation is that contamination of OCs eliminates the most sensitive individuals (genotypes) from the population, as suggested by Fox [37]. This would entail a strong selection for high-quality and less sensitive individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent organic pollution in a high-Arctic top predator: sex-dependent thresholds in adult survival

et al. 2013

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In long-lived species, any negative effect of pollution on adult survival may pose serious hazards to breeding populations. In this study, we measured concentrations of various organochlorines (OCs) (polychlorinated biphenyl and OC pesticides) in the blood of a large number of adult glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) breeding on Bjørnøya (Bear Island) in the Norwegian Arctic, and modelled their local survival using capture-recapture analysis. Survival was negatively associated with concentrations of OCs in the blood. The effect of OCs was nonlinear and evident only among birds with the highest concentrations (the uppermost deciles of contamination). The threshold for depressed survival differed between the sexes, with females being more sensitive to contamination. For birds with lower OC concentration, survival was very high, i.e. at the upper range of survival rates reported from glaucous and other large gull species in other, presumably less contaminated populations. We propose two non-exclusive explanations. First, at some threshold of OC concentration, parents (especially males) may abandon reproduction to maximize their own survival. Second, high contamination of OC may eliminate the most sensitive individuals from the population (especially among females), inducing a strong selection towards high-quality and less sensitive phenotypes.

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“…Mining practices mobilize several metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn into the environment, where they act as potential toxic threats, impairing reproduction, growth, and survival of exposed organisms [1]. Individuals inhabiting metal-contaminated areas may actively avoid or limit the exposure to toxicants [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper tolerance and genetic diversity of Porcellionides sexfasciatus (ISOPODA) in a highly contaminated mine habitat

Costa

Bouchon

Straalen³

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Organisms inhabiting metal-contaminated areas may develop metal tolerance, with either phenotypic adjustments or genetic changes (adaptation) or with both. In the present study, three populations of the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides sexfasciatus, collected at an abandoned mine area, were compared to assess the effects of metal contamination on tolerance to lethal and sublethal levels of copper, through comparison of survival, avoidance, and feeding. The effects of metal contamination on genetic diversity were considered using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. No evidence of increased metal tolerance of the population inhabiting the contaminated site was found. There was no correlation between metal exposure and within-population genetic variance, but the three populations were clearly separated from each other. In conclusion, the populations of P. sexfasciatus in the mine landscape live rather isolated from each other and show no differential tolerance to Cu or indications of genetic erosion. Their phenotypic plasticity provides a means to survive despite exposure to extremely high metal concentrations in the soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.

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Tinkering with the Tinkerer: Pollution versus Evolution

Cited by 26 publications

References 36 publications

Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among Daphnia magna

Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among Daphnia magna

Persistent organic pollution in a high-Arctic top predator: sex-dependent thresholds in adult survival

Copper tolerance and genetic diversity of Porcellionides sexfasciatus (ISOPODA) in a highly contaminated mine habitat

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