Tinnitus among Cambodian refugees: Relationship to PTSD severity

Hinton, Devon E.; Chhean, Dara; Pich, Vuth; Hofmann, S.; Barlow, David H.

doi:10.1002/jts.20138

Cited by 94 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…clinical studies it has been shown that different kinds of stress (such as overall stress, emotional stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder) can intensify sudden hearing loss or tinnitus in humans (Ban and Jin, 2006;Hinton et al, 2006;Fagelson, 2007;Hebert and Lupien, 2007;Al Mana et al, 2008); in general, however, the affected frequency range was not the focus of these studies. Tinnitus occurs mostly as high-pitch, but can also occur as lowpitch, ringing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Urocortin‐expressing olivocochlear neurons exhibit tonotopic and developmental changes in the auditory brainstem and in the innervation of the cochlea

Kaiser¹,

Alexandrova

Grothe³

2011

J of Comparative Neurology

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The mammalian cochlea is under direct control of two groups of cholinergic auditory brainstem neurons, the medial and the lateral olivocochlear neurons. The former modulate the electromechanical amplification in outer hair cells and the latter the transduction of inner hair cells to auditory nerve fibers. The lateral olivocochlear neurons express not only acetylcholine but a variety of co-transmitters including urocortin, which is known to regulate homeostatic responses related to stress; it may also be related to the ontogeny of hearing as well as the generation of hearing disorders. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of urocortin-expressing lateral olivocochlear neurons and their connectivity and distribution of synaptic terminals in the cochlea of juvenile and adult gerbils. In contrast to most other rodents, the gerbil's audiogram covers low frequencies similar to humans, although their communication calls are exclusively in the high-frequency domain. We confirm that in the auditory brainstem urocortin is expressed exclusively in neurons within the lateral superior olive and their synaptic terminals in the cochlea. Moreover, we show that in adult gerbils urocortin expression is restricted to the medial, high-frequency processing, limb of the lateral superior olive and to the mid and basal parts of the cochlea. The same pattern is present in juvenile gerbils shortly before hearing onset (P 9) but transiently disappears after hearing onset, when urocortin is also expressed in low-frequency processing regions. These results suggest a possible role of urocortin in late cochlear development and in the processing of social calls in adult animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Urocortin‐expressing olivocochlear neurons exhibit tonotopic and developmental changes in the auditory brainstem and in the innervation of the cochlea

Kaiser¹,

Alexandrova

Grothe³

2011

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Likewise, not every tinnitus patient experiences tinnitus as aversive or bothersome. In addition, many patients describe their phantom pain as triggered by stressful life events (85), and tinnitus is more common in patients suffering posttraumatic stress disorder (86).…”

Section: Phantom Percepts and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks

Ridder¹,

Elgoyhen

Romo

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

543

482

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Phantom perception refers to the conscious awareness of a percept in the absence of an external stimulus. On the basis of basic neuroscience on perception and clinical research in phantom pain and phantom sound, we propose a working model for their origin. Sensory deafferentation results in high-frequency, gamma band, synchronized neuronal activity in the sensory cortex. This activity becomes a conscious percept only if it is connected to larger coactivated "(self-)awareness" and "salience" brain networks. Through the involvement of learning mechanisms, the phantom percept becomes associated to distress, which in turn is reflected by a simultaneously coactivated nonspecific distress network consisting of the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and amygdala. Memory mechanisms play a role in the persistence of the awareness of the phantom percept, as well as in the reinforcement of the associated distress. Thus, different dynamic overlapping brain networks should be considered as targets for the treatment of this disorder.A fundamental concept in psychology and philosophy of the mind is the notion of perception: The act of interpreting and organizing a sensory stimulus to produce a meaningful experience of the world and of oneself. A stimulus produces an effect on the different sensory receptors, inducing sensation. Further processing of this sensory stimulation generates an internal representation of the outer and inner world called a percept. Since the first days of psychology, two challenging questions have existed: How is sensory information encoded and, in particular, how is this represented information transformed into the individual awareness of a conscious percept (1)? Our understanding of sensory encoding, perception, and consciousness is challenged with a further degree of complexity in the case of phantom perception, the conscious awareness of a percept in the absence of an external stimulus. Deciphering the underlying neural correlates of phantom perception is a scientific endeavor that will aid in understanding the active processes of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information, which ultimately lead to the formation of a conscious percept within the brain.Although some cases of phantom percepts have been described for the visual, olfactory, and gustatory systems, the vast majority of sensory phantoms are those present in the somatosensory (phantom limb perception/phantom limb pain and neuropathic pain) (2) and auditory (tinnitus) (3) modalities. Upfront we are challenged with the following questions: In the absence of an external sensory stimulus, where and how in the brain is the conscious percept generated? In addition, are the neural substrates underlying the generation of a conscious phantom percept similar for the auditory and somatosensory modalities? If so, can we advance in our understanding and treatment of tinnitus on the basis of what is known for phantom limb and phantom pain perception and vice versa? Here, we address these questions and propose a working model of how pha...

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“…Many tinnitus patients suffer from insomnia (Cronlein et al, 2016), concentration difficulties (Hallam, McKenna, & Shurlock, 2004; Rossiter, Stevens, & Walker, 2006) or headaches (Langguth et al, 2015). Comorbid mental symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress are common (Fagelson, 2007; Hinton, Chhean, Pich, Hofmann, & Barlow, 2006; McCormack et al, 2015; Pattyn et al, 2016; Zoger, Svedlund, & Holgers, 2006). The economic burden of tinnitus to society is substantial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A trauma-focused approach for patients with tinnitus: the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing – a multicentre pilot trial

Rikkert

Rood

Roos

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: While normal tinnitus is a short-term sensation of limited duration, in 10–15% of the general population it develops into a chronic condition. For 3–6% it seriously interferes with many aspects of life. Objective: The aim of this trial was to assess effectiveness of a trauma-focused approach, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), in reducing tinnitus distress. Methods: The sample consisted of 35 adults with high levels of chronic tinnitus distress from five general hospitals in the Netherlands. Participants served as their own controls. After pre-assessment (T1), participants waited for a period of 3 months, after which they were assessed again (T2) before they received six 90 min manualized EMDR treatment sessions in which tinnitus-related traumatic or stressful events were the focus of treatment. Standardized self-report measures, the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), Mini-Tinnitus Questionnaire (Mini-TQ), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Self-Rating Inventory List for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (SRIP), were completed again halfway through treatment (T3), post-treatment (T4) and at 3 months’ follow-up (T5). Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant improvement after EMDR treatment on the primary outcome, TFI. Compared to the waiting-list condition, scores significantly decreased in EMDR treatment [t(34) = −4.25, p < .001, Cohen’s dz = .72]. Secondary outcomes, Mini-TQ and SCL-90, also decreased significantly. The treatment effects remained stable at 3 months’ follow-up. No adverse events or side effects were noted in this trial. Conclusions: This is the first study to suggest that EMDR is effective in reducing tinnitus distress. Randomized controlled trials are warranted.

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Tinnitus among Cambodian refugees: Relationship to PTSD severity

Cited by 94 publications

References 14 publications

Urocortin‐expressing olivocochlear neurons exhibit tonotopic and developmental changes in the auditory brainstem and in the innervation of the cochlea

Urocortin‐expressing olivocochlear neurons exhibit tonotopic and developmental changes in the auditory brainstem and in the innervation of the cochlea

Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks

A trauma-focused approach for patients with tinnitus: the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing – a multicentre pilot trial

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