TiO₂-pattern-modulated actuation of an agarose@CNT/agarose bilayer induced by light and humidity

Abstract

A smart bilayer of AG@CNT/AG composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and agarose (AG) is developed.

Stimulus-Responsive Graphene with Periodical Wrinkles on Grooved Microfiber Arrays: Simulation, Programmable Shape-Shifting, and Catalytic Applications

“…As expected, the thermal infrared (IR) images (Figure B) revealed that the temperature of the resultant RGO/grooved CA mat could successfully increase by 40 °C under light irradiation (100 mW·cm –2 ) in a short period within 3 s. The conformal RGO sheets on the grooved CA arrays possess a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 73.5% (calculation detailed in the Experimental Section), which is superior to the reported light-responsive materials (Table S3). − In contrast, there were only negligible temperature fluctuations of ca. 23 and 35 °C for the RGO/cylindrical CA mat and the RGO/ribbon-like CA mat, respectively (Figure B).…”

3D and 4D printable dual cross-linked polymers with high strength and humidity-triggered reversible actuation

“…See DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00223f bending, 6,16,17 twisting, 5,9,18 spiraling 19 and locomotion. 2,20 These programmable 3D shapes could be realized through selective chemical modification of specific areas on the polymer films' surface using photochemistry patterning, 21 TiO 2 patterning, 22 ion patterning 23 and local base and acid treatment. 5,10 Moreover, controlling molecular alignment of liquid crystalline polymers, 6 hierarchical self-assembly structures 3 as well as orientation of incorporated inorganic nanofillers 3,9 have also been reported to program sophisticated motions.…”

Humidity-Driven Soft Actuator Built up Layer-by-Layer and Theoretical Insight into Its Mechanism of Energy Conversion

“…These features above provide reference models for researchers to design soft smart actuators that can be driven by external stimuli such as humidity, ,− light, ,− and heating. , Typical examples include humidity-driven motion models of soft polymer bilayers, − trilayers, or multilayers. − These models applied active layers in combination with inert layers to promote directional motion in response to a constant supply of humidity gradients ,,− or periodical humidity gradients − for controlled deformation in an appointed direction. However, the interaction between the layers was difficult to be well coordinated during the response to humidity owing to the differential properties of the materials of all layers.…”

“…Humidity is an important environmental factor; it is an ecofriendly, inexhaustible, and readily available energy source. Humidity-driven soft robots and actuators have shown promising performances in energy conversion. ,,,− There have been numbers of reports on soft materials that can convert humidity to mechanical motions, where the mechanism is normally supported by the sorption of humidity that induces asymmetric expansion in the materials. ,,,− However, there is still a big challenge regarding the energy conversion processes. The confusing point is what energy has been converted or transduced and how this energy conversion proceeds.…”