“…A material with at least one characteristic size reduced to the nanoscale (typically 1–100 nm) can be defined as a “nanomaterial” . Therefore, nanomaterials can be divided into zero-dimensional (0D) materials, such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), − aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), − zinc oxide (ZnO), − and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), − one-dimensional (1D) materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) , and nanofibers, , and two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as clay, graphene and derivatives, − molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), − hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), − titanium carbide (MXene), − etc. Applications of nanomaterials have surface effects, small-scale effects, and macroscopic quantum tunneling effects and exhibit a range of special thermodynamic, electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, and they are known as the most promising new materials of the 21st century.…”