TiO2 hollow spheres as effective additives in oligomer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Synthesis of TiO2hollow spheres using titanium tetraisopropoxide: fabrication of high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells with photoanodes of different nanocrystalline TiO2sub-layers

“…54 This structure could be prepared using submicrometer size carbon or polystyrene templates or even by template-free methods. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] In the template-free methods, the size distribution of TiO 2 hollow spheres is quite wide with sizes in the range of 200 nm to several micrometers. 47,48,61 This may fail the possibility of optimizing the light scattering by controlling the diameter of the hollow spheres.…”

“…[56][57][58] The TiO 2 precursors which are frequently used are tetrabutyl titanate (TBT), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) and diammonium titanium hexauoride ((NH 4 ) 2 TiF 6 ) as reported in the literatures. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] The last precursor could also create rather complicated synthesis method for the TiO 2 hollow spheres. 60 There are also a few reports on using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) for the synthesis of the TiO 2 hollow spheres.…”

“…61 The usual nanocrystals which are used are conventional P25 or hydrothermally grown TiO 2 NCs. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] The composing NCs and the thickness of the photoanode lm are commonly xed in different reports. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Finally the energy conversion efficiencies which are improved by application of scattering structures fall in the range of 4.5% to 9.0% as reported in the literatures.…”

“…[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] The composing NCs and the thickness of the photoanode lm are commonly xed in different reports. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Finally the energy conversion efficiencies which are improved by application of scattering structures fall in the range of 4.5% to 9.0% as reported in the literatures. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] In this research carbon spheres with average sizes of 230, 325 and 450 nm were synthesized by hydrothermal method as the templates.…”

“…[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Finally the energy conversion efficiencies which are improved by application of scattering structures fall in the range of 4.5% to 9.0% as reported in the literatures. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] In this research carbon spheres with average sizes of 230, 325 and 450 nm were synthesized by hydrothermal method as the templates. Aerward, a thin layer of TiO 2 was deposited on the surface of the carbon spheres by liquid phase deposition method.…”