Tissue- and cell-specific properties of enterochromaffin cells affect the fate of tumorigenesis toward nonendocrine adenocarcinoma of the small intestine

Abstract

Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor SI-NETs are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin. However, EC cell-derived tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. Here we examined whether the gain of Myc and the loss of RB1 and Trp53 function in EC cells result in SI-NET using tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) Cre-ERT2-driven RB1fl Trp53fl MycLSL (RPM) mice. TPH1-Cre induced gain of Myc and loss of RB1 and Trp53 function resulted in endocrine or neuronal tumors in pancreas, lung, enteric neurons, and brain. Lineage tracing indicated that the cellular origin for these tumors was TPH1-expressing neuroendocrine, neuronal or their precursor cells in these organs. However, despite that TPH1 is most highly expressed in EC cells, we observed no incidence of EC cell tumors. Instead, the tumor of epithelial cell-origin in the intestine was exclusively non-endocrine adenocarcinoma, suggesting dedifferentiation of EC cells into intestinal stem cells (ISC). Further, ex-vivo organoid studies indicated that loss of functions of Rb1 and Trp53 accelerated dedifferentiation of EC cells that were susceptible to apoptosis with expression of activated MycT58A, suggesting that the rare dedifferentiating cells escaping cell death went on to develop adenocarcinomas. Lineage tracing demonstrated that EC cells were short-lived compared to neuroendocrine or neuronal cells in other organs. In contrast, EC cell-derived ISCs were long-lasting and actively cycling and thus susceptible to transformation. These results suggest that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations and provide important insights into EC cell-derived tumorigenesis.

Investigating Carcinoid Tumor Oncogenesis through the lens of Developmental Dynamics involved in Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Cells

“…Furthermore, dysregulated serotonin signaling may contribute to the activation of survival pathways, promoting resistance to apoptosis, with downstream effects involving genes associated with anti-apoptotic pathways, such as those regulated by Bcl-2 family members. Epigenetic modi cations, such as alterations in DNA methylation and histone modi cations, may be in uenced by dysregulation of serotonin signaling, potentially affecting the expression of genes associated with neuroendocrine cell development [104]. Dysregulated serotonin signaling may also contribute to changes in angiogenesis, impacting tumor vascularization, and involving downstream effects such as the activation of angiogenic factors and pathways like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).…”

Correctly identifying the cells of origin is essential for tailoring treatment and understanding the emergence of cancer stem cells and late metastases

“…The enterochromaffin (EC) cell in the small intestine (SI) can also develop into neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs), but in contrast to ECL cell-derived tumors, the pathogenesis of EC cell SI-NETs is not known. Nevertheless, they probably play a role in the development of SI adenocarcinomas ( 31 ). Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in the small intestine are the most prevalent tumors in that organ.…”