2003
DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00179-8
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Tissue concentrations of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in three fatal cases of overdose

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Cited by 67 publications
(35 citation statements)
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“…The fact that some individuals report using up to 10 to 25 individual dosages (tablets) of MDMA per occasion (Parrott, 2005) further suggests that there is little or no margin of safety between the recreationally used and neurotoxic dosages of MDMA. Moreover, although all human studies on MDMA brain concentration are post-mortem analyses, it was found that brain concentrations of MDMA and its metabolites are substantially higher (up to 30 times) than blood concentrations (García-Repetto et al, 2003). Most of the reported cases of serious toxicity or fatality have involved MDMA blood levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/l approximately 2 to 44 M (García- Repetto et al, 2003).…”
Section: Neurotoxicity Of Ecstasy Metabolites 59mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The fact that some individuals report using up to 10 to 25 individual dosages (tablets) of MDMA per occasion (Parrott, 2005) further suggests that there is little or no margin of safety between the recreationally used and neurotoxic dosages of MDMA. Moreover, although all human studies on MDMA brain concentration are post-mortem analyses, it was found that brain concentrations of MDMA and its metabolites are substantially higher (up to 30 times) than blood concentrations (García-Repetto et al, 2003). Most of the reported cases of serious toxicity or fatality have involved MDMA blood levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/l approximately 2 to 44 M (García- Repetto et al, 2003).…”
Section: Neurotoxicity Of Ecstasy Metabolites 59mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, although all human studies on MDMA brain concentration are post-mortem analyses, it was found that brain concentrations of MDMA and its metabolites are substantially higher (up to 30 times) than blood concentrations (García-Repetto et al, 2003). Most of the reported cases of serious toxicity or fatality have involved MDMA blood levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/l approximately 2 to 44 M (García- Repetto et al, 2003). Notably, it was already reported that in humans, N-Me-␣-MeDA, a major toxic metabolite in the present study, reaches plasma concentrations similar to those of MDMA (Segura et al, 2001).…”
Section: Neurotoxicity Of Ecstasy Metabolites 59mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The affinity of (R)-MDMA for the [ 3 H]epibatidine binding site was higher than (S)-MDMA, as noted in the 13-fold ratio between the inhibition constants (K i ) determined for both enantiomers, respectively (see Table 1). The K i value of (R)-MDMA is in the submicromolar range (K i = 0.63), which thus compares with the low micromolar concentrations found in the brain after administration of this drug [45,46] . In fact, the binding constant for this heteromeric receptor is lower than the K i value determined for the serotonin transporter, which is its main physiological target (24.5 μM) [40].…”
Section: Experimental Binding Affinity Of Mdma Enantiomersmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Several enantioselective syntheses of amphetamines have been reported [41][42][43][44][45]. The first stereoselective synthesis of MDMA was based on the hydrogenation of imines derived from 1-phenylethylamine as a chiral auxiliary [41].…”
Section: Synthesis Of Mdma Enantiomersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multiple case-studies reported MDMA-moderate effects like jaw clenching, dry mouth, decreased appetite, fatigue, muscle-, and headache. Severe MDMA-acute effects have been related to MDMA misuse, such as tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, intracranial hemorrhage, hepatotoxicity, and even death (Garcia-Repetto et al 2003;Monks et al 2004;Schifano 2004;Carmo et al 2006;Allott and Redman 2007;Boyle and Connor 2010).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%