Tissue Distribution of Two Field Isolates and Two Vaccine Strains of Porcine Parvovirus in Foetal Organs after Experimental Infection of Pregnant Sows as Determined by Real‐time PCR

Wilhelm, Sonja; Zeeuw, E.; Selbitz, Hans-Joachim; Truyen, Uwe

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00878.x

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The failure to detect PPV-infection in fetuses of groups 1, 3 and 4 [PPV-143a, PPV-IDT (MSV) and PPV-NADL-2] could be interpreted as false-negative results due to autolysis or mummification, the presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, or low virus titres in fetuses (Belak et al, 1998;Joo et al, 1976a, b, c;Soares et al, 1999), and some studies suggest that some strains may require adaptation to cell culture (Choi et al, 1989;Mayr & Mahnel, 1964). By examining some fetuses by real-time PCR with SYBR Green (Wilhelm et al, 2005), low amounts of PPV DNA could be detected in non-mummified fetuses of groups inoculated with PPV-143a, PPV-IDT (MSV) and PPV-NADL-2, and in one mummified fetus of the group infected with PPV-NADL-2. However, high amounts of PPV-DNA were only observed in both mummified and non-mummified fetuses of the group of sows infected with PPV-27a.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Real-time PCR. All mummified and non-mummified fetuses were examined by real-time PCR in an Mx3000P cycler with SYBR Green as described by Wilhelm et al (2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the viral loads differed dramatically (by a factor of 10 9 ) between the PPV-27a piglets and those of the other groups. This has been described in detail by Wilhelm et al (2005).…”

Section: Virus Detection In Fetusesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Study of the virulence and cross-neutralization capability of recent porcine parvovirus field isolates and vaccine viruses in experimentally infected pregnant gilts

Zeeuw

Leinecker

Herwig³

et al. 2007

Journal of General Virology

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103

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The pathogenicity of two recent German field isolates of Porcine parvovirus (PPV-27a and PPV-143a) and two vaccine viruses [PPV-NADL-2 and PPV-IDT (MSV)], which are used for the production of inactivated vaccines, was investigated by inoculation of pregnant sows at day 40 of gestation. Post-infection sera of these sows as well as antisera prepared in rabbits by immunization with the four above-mentioned PPV isolates and with the virulent strain PPV-Challenge (Engl.) were tested for their homologous and heterologous neutralization activities. All antisera had high neutralization activity against the vaccine viruses, the PPV-Challenge (Engl.) virus and PPV-143a, but much lower activity against PPV-27a. These results suggest that PPV-27a represents a new antigenic variant or type of PPV and vaccines based on the established vaccine viruses may not be fully protective against this field isolate. PPV-27a has been characterized based on the amino acid sequences of the capsid protein as a member of a new and distinct PPV cluster (Zimmermann et al., 2006). Interestingly, the homologous neutralizing antibody titres of the sera of all three pigs and both rabbits inoculated or immunized with PPV-27a were 100-to 1000-fold lower than the heterologous titres against any of the other viruses. The low homologous neutralizing antibody titres suggest a possible, yet undefined, immune escape mechanism of this PPV isolate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Real-time PCR. All mummified and non-mummified fetuses were examined by real-time PCR in an Mx3000P cycler with SYBR Green as described by Wilhelm et al (2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of the virulence and cross-neutralization capability of recent porcine parvovirus field isolates and vaccine viruses in experimentally infected pregnant gilts

Zeeuw

Leinecker

Herwig³

et al. 2007

Journal of General Virology

Self Cite

103

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“…3 PPV strains of lower virulence require a higher amount of virus for productive infection and reach lower levels of replication in the different organs/tissues of the host. 4,5 Until approximately 20 years ago PPV was considered very stable genetically and antigenically. 6,7 However, more recent studies revealed considerable genetic diversity among PPVs, comprising at least 7 clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Vaccine Protection Against Experimental Challenge Infection with a PPV-27a Genotype Virus in Pregnant Gilts</p>

Kiss

Kovács

Zádori

et al. 2020

VMRR

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Background/Introduction: Porcine parvovirus (PPV), the causative agent of severe reproductive failures in pigs, is present worldwide. The witnessed spread of the virulent 27a type PPV strains since its recognition raised concerns about the efficacy of the available commercial vaccines. Methods: To address this question, vaccinated pregnant gilts were challenged with a PPV-27alike virus strain and parameters related to vaccine efficacy were compared. Results: The K22 vaccine strain of Parvoruvax ® (PVX) was characterized as "Kresse-like" based on the epitope mapping data. Vaccination of the gilts induced a low level of antibody responses. Based on foetal mortality, the number of sows which had challenge virus-affected foetuses, the percent of PPV positive piglets/litters plus their PPV genome and viral load PVX outscored the other vaccinated groups. Conclusion: Stronger protection was provided by the "Kresse-like" K22 PPV strain-based vaccine than by the NADL-2 and NADL-like strain-based commercial vaccines against a PPV-27a cluster strain challenge. Vaccine-induced antibody levels as measured prechallenge were not found to be an accurate indicator of protection.

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“…Viruses within almost every subgroup are consistently able to cross the placental barrier and infect the embryo. They include the autonomous parvoviruses (genus Protoparvovirus) (12), e.g., minute virus of mice (MVM) (13) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) (14), the dependovirus adenoassociated virus (AAV) (15), Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) (16), and the erythrovirus B19 (17). Viral infection with human erythroparvovirus B19 causes fifth disease in toddlers but is frequently asymptomatic in adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of an Embryonic Mouse Innate Immune Response following Inoculation In Utero with Minute Virus of Mice

Rostovsky

Davis

2015

J Virol

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We used an embryonic-infection model system to show that MVMp, the prototypic minute virus of mice (MVM) serotype and a member of the genus Protoparvovirus, triggers a comprehensive innate immune response in the developing mouse embryo. Direct inoculation of the midtrimester embryo in utero with MVMp results in a widespread, productive infection. During a 96-h infection course, embryonic beta interferon (IFN-␤) and IFN-␥ transcription were induced 90-and 60-fold, respectively. IFN-␤ levels correlated with the embryo viral burden, while IFN-␥ levels first increased and then decreased. Production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1␤ (IL-1␤) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣), also increased, but by smaller amounts, approximately 7-fold each. We observed increased levels of downstream antiviral effector molecules, PKR and phosphorylated STAT2. Finally, we showed that there is an immune cell response to the virus infection. Infected tissues in the embryo exhibited an increased density of mature leukocytes compared to the same tissues in uninfected embryos. The responses we observed were almost completely restricted to the infected embryos. Uninfected littermates routinely exhibited small increases in innate immune components that rarely reached statistical significance compared to negative controls. Similarly, the placentae of infected embryos did not show any significant increase in transcription of innate immune cytokines. Since the placenta has both embryonic and maternal components, we suggest there is minimal involvement of the dam in the response to infection. IMPORTANCEInteraction between the small single-stranded vertebrate DNA viruses, the protoparvoviruses, and the host innate immune system has been unclear. The issue is important practically given the potential use of these viruses as oncotherapeutic agents. The data reported here stand in contrast to studies of innate immune response during protoparvovirus infection of adult hosts, which invariably reported no or minimal and sporadic induction of an interferon response during infection. We conclude that under conditions of robust and productive MVM infection, a normal murine host is able to mount a significant and broad innate immune response. In some respects, the developing mammalian embryo should be paradise for viral pathogens-a rapidly dividing population of potential host cells, expressing all the host metabolic functions the virus needs for its own replication, coupled with a complete absence of adaptive immune responses and an innate response that is considered immature and biased toward tolerance.Despite this, fetal viral infection is not considered a major cause of complications during pregnancy compared, for instance, to the various bacterial infections causing fetal inflammatory response syndrome (1). It seems unlikely that virus is more efficiently excluded from the embryonic compartment than bacteria (2), and several studies have identified viral signal in a significant fraction of embryos or amniotic fluid from normal ...

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Tissue Distribution of Two Field Isolates and Two Vaccine Strains of Porcine Parvovirus in Foetal Organs after Experimental Infection of Pregnant Sows as Determined by Real‐time PCR

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Study of the virulence and cross-neutralization capability of recent porcine parvovirus field isolates and vaccine viruses in experimentally infected pregnant gilts

Study of the virulence and cross-neutralization capability of recent porcine parvovirus field isolates and vaccine viruses in experimentally infected pregnant gilts

<p>Vaccine Protection Against Experimental Challenge Infection with a PPV-27a Genotype Virus in Pregnant Gilts</p>

Induction of an Embryonic Mouse Innate Immune Response following Inoculation In Utero with Minute Virus of Mice

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