“…In this sense, tissue 16 engineering (TE) (Fisher and Mauck, 2013;Langer and Vacanti, 17 1993) has played a key role as it has introduced new strategies 18 based on the development of composite systems that integrate 19 cells, growth factors, and scaffolds, (Drosse et al, 2008;Eisenbarth, 20 2007; Vallet-Regí and Ruiz-Hernández, 2011) avoiding major 21 drawbacks associated to autografts and allografts (O'Brien, 2011). 22 TE develops substrates that restore, maintain or improve the 23 function of damaged tissues (Langer, 2000).…”