Tissue engineering of skin and regenerative medicine for wound care

Abstract

ᅟEngineering of biologic skin substitutes has progressed over time from individual applications of skin cells, or biopolymer scaffolds, to combinations of cells and scaffolds for treatment, healing, and closure of acute and chronic skin wounds. Skin substitutes may be categorized into three groups: acellular scaffolds, temporary substitutes containing allogeneic skin cells, and permanent substitutes containing autologous skin cells. Combined use of acellular dermal substitutes with permanent skin substitutes containing autologous cells has been shown to provide definitive wound closure in burns involving greater than 90% of the total body surface area. These advances have contributed to reduced morbidity and mortality from both acute and chronic wounds but, to date, have failed to replace all of the structures and functions of the skin. Among the remaining deficiencies in cellular or biologic skin substitutes are hypopigmentation, absence of stable vascular and lymphatic networks, absence of hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and incomplete innervation. Correction of these deficiencies depends on regulation of biologic pathways of embryonic and fetal development to restore the full anatomy and physiology of uninjured skin. Elucidation and integration of developmental biology into future models of biologic skin substitutes promises to restore complete anatomy and physiology, and further reduce morbidity from skin wounds and scar. This article offers a review of recent advances in skin cell thrapies and discusses the future prospects in cutaneous regeneration.

Near-Infrared, Light-Triggered, On-Demand Anti-Inflammatories and Antibiotics Release by Graphene Oxide/Elecrospun PCL Patch for Wound Healing

“…Here, we designed an implantable patch consisting of poly(caprolactone) electrospun covered with GO, henceforth named GO-PCL, endowed with high ibuprofen (5.85 mg cm −2 ), ketoprofen (0.86 mg cm −2 ), and vancomycin (0.95 mg cm −2 ) loading, used as anti-inflammatory and antibiotic models respectively, and capable of responding to near infrared (NIR)-light stimuli in order to promptly release the payload on-demand beyond three days. Furthermore, we demonstrated the GO is able to promote fibroblast adhesion, a key characteristic to potentially provide wound healing in vivo.supposed to be biocompatible, preserve water content in order to prevent dehydration, and permit oxygenation of the growing tissue without interfering with the wound healing [4,5]. Furthermore, it should display a degradation kinetic comparable to the rate of tissue growth, thus promoting a rapid healing process while it degrades [6].Taking this in mind, engineered polymeric scaffolds have been recently developed to create three-dimensional architecture that can mimic the ECM and allow in situ tissue regeneration.…”

“…supposed to be biocompatible, preserve water content in order to prevent dehydration, and permit oxygenation of the growing tissue without interfering with the wound healing [4,5]. Furthermore, it should display a degradation kinetic comparable to the rate of tissue growth, thus promoting a rapid healing process while it degrades [6].…”

Engineered skin graft with stromal vascular fraction cells encapsulated in fibrin–collagen hydrogel: A clinical study for diabetic wound healing

“…Owing to endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients and the lack of angiogenesis in the wound healing process, new treatments are focused on effective epithelial cell migration, rapid inosculation, and time of healing after transplantation (Xiao et al, ). A recent strategy has been generation of skin substitute with vascular networks that can anastomose with the recipient's vascular network upon transplantation (Boyce & Lalley, ) to compensate the insufficient blood supply, hypoxia and ischemia at the early stages in the composite tissue after transplantation (Zografou et al, ).…”

“…In recent years, regenerative medicine has presented novel therapeutic tools in the field of skin regeneration (Nilforoushzadeh et al, ). Since 2000, a number of bioengineered skin substitutes scaffold with synthetic or natural materials have received Food and Drug Administration approval and are now commercially available (Boyce & Lalley, ).…”

>b<Recelularização de derme de rato Wistar>/b<

“…Os materiais sintéticos são utilizados em feridas de alta contaminação por serem menos propensos a ação dos microrganismos. Porém o tempo de cicatrização se eleva, pois, ele demora cerca de duas semanas a mais para a vascularização ser suficiente a ponto de permitir a migração e manutenção da vida celular, portanto a avaliação de utilização vai depender do médico que realizará o tratamento (BOYCE; LALLEY, 2018;CASTELLANO et al, 2017)…”