Tissue Engineering Scaffold Material with Enhanced Cell Adhesion and Angiogenesis from Soy Protein Isolate Loaded with Bio Modulated Micro-TiO₂ Prepared via Prolonged Sonication for Wound Healing Applications

Abstract

Tissue engineering is a technique that promotes healing by creating an ideal environment for endogenous cells to migrate and grow into the site of injury via a scaffold, improving regeneration and reducing the time required for in vitro cell culture. In this work, the effect of the addition of sonicated TiO 2 in the soy protein isolate (SPI) matrix for tissue engineering applications was studied. In comparison to adding expensive nano TiO 2 , this method of incorporating sonicated TiO 2 into the SPI matrix will aid in achieving improved properties at a lower cost. The effect of the addition of sonicated TiO 2 on the morphological, UV transmittance, mechanical, thermal, surface energy, and hydrophilicity of SPI films was investigated. The result shows that the uniformly distributed TiO 2 particles successfully blocked 95% of UV light. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a significant reduction in the TiO 2 agglomerate size and homogeneous distribution of the same when sonication was applied instead of mechanical dispersion. A simultaneous increase of tensile strength (from 3.16 to 4.58 MPa) and elongation at break values (from 24.25% to 95.31%) with 0.5% TiO 2 was observed. The addition of 0.25% TiO 2 was found to significantly enhance the elongation at break value to 120.83%. Incorporation of micro-TiO 2 particles could improve the surface roughness, surface energy, and wettability of SPI films. In vitro cell adhesion studies and in vivo subcutaneous implantation studies were performed to assess the cell growth and angiogenesis of the developed film membranes. An MTT assay showed that SPI-1%TiO 2 film favored cell viability up to 118%, and in vivo subcutaneous implantation studies showed enhanced cell growth and angiogenesis for SPI-1% TiO 2 films. This SPI-TiO 2 film with enhanced surface properties can be used as an ideal candidate for tissue engineering applications.

Biodegradable Solid Polymer Electrolytes from the Discarded Cataractous Eye Protein Isolate

“…The enhancement in cell proliferation for the cross-linked films can be attributed to the presence of SA, which, being a phenolic acid, possesses antioxidant properties conducive to cells . Similar results with a cell viability higher than 100% has also been reported by Koshy et al for protein films made of the SPI loaded with biomodulated micro-TiO 2 plasticized by glycerol . L929 cell viability on the PS films was assessed both quantitatively using the MTT assay and qualitatively with the live–dead assay.…”

Soy Protein-Based Wound Dressings: A Review of Their Preparation, Properties, and Perspectives

“…77 Similarly, vascular regeneration was observed when the prepared SPI-TiO 2 film was implanted subcutaneously in rats for 1 week. 78 The wound dressings prepared based on 7S and 11S of soy protein promoted CD31 expression, and the number of blood vessels was higher compared with the dressing group without soy protein, which proved that they could promote angiogenesis in all-layer wounds. 44 5.4.…”

“…A bioactive coating based on SPS without additives was prepared and SPS was found to be effective in promoting angiogenesis, making a significant contribution to neointima formation . Similarly, vascular regeneration was observed when the prepared SPI-TiO 2 film was implanted subcutaneously in rats for 1 week . The wound dressings prepared based on 7S and 11S of soy protein promoted CD31 expression, and the number of blood vessels was higher compared with the dressing group without soy protein, which proved that they could promote angiogenesis in all-layer wounds …”

Eco-Friendly Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Plant Proteins as Tunable and Sustainable Biomaterials

“…5 They comply with key principles of green chemistry and engineering by being abundant in nature or discarded as waste, cost-effective and deriving from renewable resources. 2 As a consequence, plant proteins can be used as the constituents of safe and green materials for diverse applications in, e.g., the pharmaceutical, 6 tissue engineering, 7 food and beverage, 8 and water cleaning 9 fields.…”