Tissue specific protochlorophyll(ide) forms in dark-forced shoots of grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.)

Abstract

Cuttings of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) were dark-forced at least three weeks. Pigment contents, 77 K fluorescence emission, excitation spectra of the leaves, petioles, stems, transmission electron micrographs of the etioplasts from leaves, the chlorenchyma tissues of the stems were analysed. The dark-grown leaves, stems contained 8 to 10, 3 to 5 mug/g fresh weight protochlorophyllide, its esters, respectively. HPLC analysis showed that the molar ratio of the unesterified, esterified pigments was 7:3 in the shoot developed in darkness. The dark-forced leaves contained carotenoids identified as: neoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, beta-carotene. Detailed analyses of the fluorescence spectra proved that all tissues of the dark-forced shoots had protochlorophyllide or protochlorophyll forms with emission maxima at 628, 636, 644, 655, 669 nm. The 628, 636 nm emitting forms were present in all parts of the dark-forced shoot, but dominated in the stems, which may indicate an organ specificity of the etioplast development. Variations in the distribution of the pigment forms were even found in the different tissues of the stem. The subepidermal layers were more abundant in the 655 nm form than the parenchyma cells of the inner part of the cortex, the pith. In the latter cells, the plastid differentiation stopped in intermediary stages between proplastids, etioplasts. The plastids in the subepidermal layers had developed prolamellar body structures, which were similar to those of etiolated leaves. The results highlight the importance of organ-, tissue specificity of plastid differentiation for chlorophyll biosynthesis, greening of different plant organs.

High biological variability of plastids, photosynthetic pigments and pigment forms of leaf primordia in buds

“…The total amount of Pchlide and Pchl pigments on a fresh mass basis was remarkably smaller than that of the leaves of dark-germinated seedlings grown for several days under laboratory conditions (Böddi et al 1989(Böddi et al , 1994Schoefs et al 1998Schoefs et al , 2000a and resembled more the pigment content of young etiolated leaves (Schoefs et al , 2000a or nonleaf organs (Böddi et al 1994). Pchlide esters that are usually present in detectable amounts in etiolated samples (Lancer et al 1976;Böddi et al 1989Böddi et al , 2004Schoefs et al 1998) were only rarely detected in buds or were below the detection limit of the used HPLC system (Table 1). The low amount of Pchlide (and its esters) indicates that the cells of the leaf primordia are in a young developmental stage, in which the Pchlide to Chlide transformation is preferred to the Pchlide esteriWcation .…”

Light and temperature regulation of greening in dark‐grown ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

“…Most studies on ginkgo are restricted to leaves (Chinn and Silverthorne 1993, García‐Gutiérrez et al 1998, Mariani and Rascio 1982, Rascio et al 1984) but the epicotyl and stem of seedlings (Chinn et al 1995, Christensen et al 2002), as well as the stem of dark‐forced shoots have been only poorly studied (Skribanek et al 2000) although the chlorenchyma tissues of young stems have important physiological roles; for example their photosynthetic capacity is comparable to that of leaves (Berveiller et al 2007). In addition, photo‐oxidative damage linked with organ‐specific differences in the etioplast structure (Chinn et al 1995) and the Pchlide contents and organization (Böddi et al 1994, Chinn et al 1995) may occur in young stems (Böddi et al 1996, 2004, 2005, Erdei et al 2005, Skribanek and Böddi 2001).…”

Fast phototransformation of the 636 nm‐emitting protochlorophyllide form in epicotyls of dark‐grown pea (Pisum sativum)

“…The difference spectra were calculated after normalization of the experimental spectra at their maxima around 630 nm, because the amounts of the Pchlide forms varied in the samples, even though the compared spectra were measured from longitudinal sections of the same epicotyl segment. Such variation in the distribution of Pchlide forms has been described and analysed in dark‐grown grapevine stems (Böddi et al 2004). On the other hand, the normalization at around 630 nm changed the amplitude ratios of Pchlide and Chlide forms in the difference spectra, i.e.…”