Titanium chemistry in WASP-121 b revealed by high-resolution day-side spectroscopy

Hoeijmakers, Jens; Kitzmann, Daniel; Prinoth, Bibiana; Lee, Elspeth K. H.; Borsato, Nicholas W.; Thorsbro, B.

doi:10.5194/epsc2022-1134

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In either case, this result adds to the growing body of work indicating that titanium is depleted in certain ultrahot Jupiter transmission spectra (e.g., Merritt et al 2021;Hoeijmakers et al 2022;Kesseli et al 2022). Interestingly, Ti I was recently detected in the transmission spectrum of WASP-189b (Stangret et al 2022), which has a slightly higher equilibrium temperature than WASP-76b (T eq ∼ 2600 K; Anderson et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

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ExoGemS High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-76b with GRACES

Deibert,

de Mooij,

Jayawardhana

et al. 2023

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We present high-resolution transmission spectroscopy of WASP-76b with Gemini Remote Access to CFHT ESPaDOnS Spectrograph (GRACES)/Gemini North obtained as part of the ExoGemS survey. With a broad spectral range of 400–1050 nm and a relatively high resolution of ∼66,000, these observations are particularly well suited to searching for atomic and molecular atmospheric species via the Doppler cross-correlation technique. We recover absorption features due to neutral iron (Fe i), sodium (Na i), and ionized calcium (Ca ii) at high significance (>5σ), and investigate possible atmospheric temperatures and wind speeds. We also report tentative (>3σ) detections of Li i, K i, Cr i, and V i in the atmosphere of WASP-76b. Finally, we report nondetections of a number of other species, some of which have previously been detected with other instruments. Through model injection/recovery tests, we demonstrate that many of these species are not expected to be detected in our observations. These results allow us to place GRACES and the ExoGemS survey in context with other high-resolution optical spectrographs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Alternatively, titanium may condense at the terminator region only, yet still be present in the gas phase elsewhere in the atmosphere. Future work investigating the dayside emission spectrum of WASP-76b (as in, e.g., Hoeijmakers et al 2022) could help shed light on whether titanium is depleted locally or globally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ExoGemS High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-76b with GRACES

Deibert,

de Mooij,

Jayawardhana

et al. 2023

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“…Hence, Ti-bearing species may be sequestered deep in the interior of the planet through cold-trapping (e.g., Spiegel et al 2009). Recent work has also shown no evidence for Ti or TiO in WASP-121 b (Hoeijmakers et al 2022;Maguire et al 2023), or TiO in MASCARA-2 b (Johnson et al 2023).…”

Section: Ca and Timentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval Survey of Metals in Six Ultrahot Jupiters: Trends in Chemistry, Rain-out, Ionization, and Atmospheric Dynamics

Gandhi

Kesseli

Zhang

et al. 2023

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Ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy (HRS) has detected numerous chemical species and atmospheric dynamics in exoplanets, most notably ultrahot Jupiters (UHJs). However, quantitative estimates on abundances have been challenging but are essential for accurate comparative characterization and to determine formation scenarios. In this work, we retrieve the atmospheres of six UHJs (WASP-76 b, MASCARA-4 b, MASCARA-2 b, WASP-121 b, HAT-P-70 b, and WASP-189 b) with ESPRESSO and HARPS-N/HARPS observations, exploring trends in eleven neutral species and dynamics. While Fe abundances agree well with stellar values, Mg, Ni, Cr, Mn, and V show more variation, highlighting the difficulty in using a single species as a proxy for metallicity. We find that Ca, Na, Ti, and TiO are underabundant, potentially due to ionization and/or nightside rain-out. Our retrievals also show that relative abundances between species are more robust, consistent with previous works. We perform spatially resolved and phase-resolved retrievals for WASP-76 b and WASP-121 b given their high signal-to-noise observations, and find the chemical abundances in each of the terminator regions are broadly consistent. We additionally constrain dynamics for our sample through Doppler shifts and broadening of the planetary signals during the primary eclipse, with median blueshifts between ∼0.9 and 9.0 km s−1 due to day–night winds. Furthermore, we constrain spectroscopic masses for MASCARA-2 b and HAT-P-70 b consistent with their known upper limits, but we note that these may be biased due to degeneracies. This work highlights the importance of future HRS studies to further probe differences and trends between exoplanets.

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“…We are currently investigating the effects and distributions of K and SO 2 for exoplanet systems with alkali detections using our SERPENS framework. Additionally, great interest exists in simulating the behavior of metals such as Mg and Fe, which have been observed at high altitudes in the exospheres of ultra‐hot Jupiters WASP‐76 b and WASP‐121 b, within a non‐hydrostatic environment (Ehrenreich et al., 2020; Hoeijmakers et al., 2023; Sing et al., 2019). Photoionization lifetimes are especially short at ultrahot systems, an orbiting exomoon may help provide a sufficiently high neutral atom rate, at high altitudes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exomoon Phase Curves: Toroidal Exosphere Simulations of Exo‐Ios Orbiting 8 Exoplanets in Alkali Spectroscopy

Meyer zu Westram,

Oza,

Galli

2024

JGR Planets

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Toroidal atmospheres and exospheres characterized at exoplanets may be fueled by volcanically active exomoons, often referred to as exo‐Ios. We study the neutral outgassing and volatile evolution of a close‐orbiting, evaporating satellite at eight candidate exoplanet‐exomoon systems WASP‐49,‐96,‐69,‐17 b, XO‐2N b, HAT‐P‐1 b, HD‐189733 b, and HD‐209458 b by developing a 3‐D test‐particle Monte Carlo simulation, Simulating the Evolution of Ring Particles Emergent from Natural Satellites. The module is coupled to dishoom, approximating the minimum mass‐flux needed to reproduce observations of alkali line profiles identified in dozens of transmission spectra. We focus on sputtered neutral sodium, limited by photoionization and radiative effects. By considering Earth‐, Io‐, and Enceladus‐like masses, we systematically simulate the imprint of a non‐hydrostatic medium (characteristic of volcanic exospheres) in density and velocity space using a novel Delaunay tesselation field estimator algorithm. Our results demonstrate how exomoons can considerably modulate gas density observations probed near exoplanet transit, depending on the orbital phase of the putative satellite at the time of observation. The density evolution, therefore, manifests on orbital timescales as “exomoon phase curves” from shadow to occultation. We find two regimes of density evolution, characteristic of a: (a) localized cloud and (b) an azimuthally symmetric exoring/torus, degenerate with an exoplanet atmosphere, ranging from ∼109.5±0.5 cm−2 to ∼1015±0.25 cm−2 at our leading candidate WASP‐69b I. In certain orbital architectures, the smallest evaporating satellite mass surprisingly generates the brightest sodium signal, fueling optimism for discovering photometrically indiscernible rocky exomoons. We suggest long baseline monitoring of alkali and SO2 systems in spectroscopy to search for the temporal and spatial variability predicted here.

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Titanium chemistry in WASP-121 b revealed by high-resolution day-side spectroscopy

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

ExoGemS High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-76b with GRACES

ExoGemS High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-76b with GRACES

Retrieval Survey of Metals in Six Ultrahot Jupiters: Trends in Chemistry, Rain-out, Ionization, and Atmospheric Dynamics

Exomoon Phase Curves: Toroidal Exosphere Simulations of Exo‐Ios Orbiting 8 Exoplanets in Alkali Spectroscopy

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