Titanium coated with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid incorporating simvastatin: Biofunctionalization of dental prosthetic abutments

Abstract

Objective To propose a biofunctionalized prosthetic abutment by analyzing physico‐chemical and morphological properties, simvastatin (SIM) release, and biocompatibility of titanium (Ti) disks coated with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) incorporating SIM. Methods Titanium disks (8 × 3 mm) were distributed into four groups: Ti: pure Ti; Ti + PLGA: Ti coated with PLGA; Ti + PLGA + SIM6%: Ti + PLGA with 6% SIM; and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6%: Ti + PLGA incorporating 0.6% SIM. PLGA was prepared through chloroform evaporation technique. After complete dissolution of PLGA, SIM was diluted in the solution. Ti + PLGA, Ti + PLGA + SIM6%, and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% were dip coated with PLGA and PLGA + SIM, respectively. Samples were sterilized by ethylene oxide. For SIM release assay, disks were submerged in PBS, pH 7.4, 37°C, 30 rpm up to 600 hours. At different time intervals, SIM was quantified by spectrophotometry (238 nm). For characterization of the biomaterial components, it was performed Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and atomic force microscopy. Biocompatibility analyses were performed by MTS colorimetric assay on murine fibroblasts L929, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Absorbance was measured at 490 nm, and percentages of viable cells were calculated in relation to positive control (Ti). SEM images were obtained to verify cell adhesion and morphology. One‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was applied (P < 0.05) for statistical analyses. Results SIM release was slow and continuous, reaching about 21% of the incorporated SIM after 600 hours. Topographical analyses revealed success in coating Ti disks with PLGA incorporating SIM. Regarding biocompatibility test, Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% showed the highest percentage of L929 viability at days 3 and 7. There was no significant difference for Ti, Ti + PLGA, and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% groups on cell viability of both SHEDs and HGFs at days 3 and 7. SEM corroborates that SHEDs and HGFs were able to adhere and proliferate on Ti, Ti + PLGA, and Ti + PLGA + SIM0.6% surfaces. Conclusion A slow and controlled release of SIM was achieved, attributed to a diffusional mass transfer mechanism. Moreover, a homogenous coating topography was obtained. Additionally, 0.6% SIM incorporated into PLGA coating improved fibroblasts L929 viability compared to titanium or PLGA. Also, 0.6% SIM incorporated into PLGA promoted cell viability of about 100% for HGFs and approximately 150% for human mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, this study allows to consider the use of PLGA‐coated titanium incorporating SIM as a biofunctionalized abutment for dental implants.

Improvement of Osseointegration by Ultraviolet and/or Simvastatin Treatment on Titanium Implants with or without Bone Graft Materials

“…Figure 5 shows the FTIR spectra of the titanium discs. The spectrum of the disc immersed in simvastatin solution resembled that of simvastatin reported in the literature [63,64]. The prominent bands of the OH stretching vibrations (3600-3200 cm −1 ) and the carbonyl C=O stretching vibration (1800-1600 cm −1 ) were observed.…”

“…The spectral analysis confirmed the alteration of the surface of the titanium disc upon simvastatin treatment from a chemical perspective. [63,64]. The prominent bands of the OH stretching vibrations (3600-3 carbonyl C=O stretching vibration (1800-1600 cm −1 ) were observed.…”

Synergistic effects of arginine–glycine–aspartic acid and phosphatidylserine on the surface immunomodulation and osseointegration of titanium implants

“…32,33 PLGA is also used to coat stents and Ti implants for drug loading to achieve anti-restenosis and osseointegration, respectively. 34,35 As PLGA degrades, the incorporated drugs are released to the adjacent tissue, and the drug release can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of PLA to PGA, crystallinity, average molecular weight, etc. 36 The PLGA degradation products affect cell activity and survival because they create an acidic environment, which can induce various biological responses.…”

The integration of peri-implant soft tissues around zirconia abutments: Challenges and strategies

“…Smooth zirconia surfaces with exposed particles (machined/heat-treated for 1 h) were more conducive to soft tissue cell attachment than completely smooth polished surfaces [ 88 , 89 ]. Rough transmucosal surfaces produced by surface micromorphology modification appear more conducive to the formation of vertically oriented collagen fibers and more mature and organized connective tissue areas, preventing loss of marginal bone in vivo [ 66 , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [90] , [91] , [92] ]. Greater plaque formation has been shown in vivo on rough surfaces [ 90 ] and the rough plasma-treated, sandblasted or acid-etched hydrophilic surface was more conducive to macrophage-mediated immune regulation, increasing release of anti-inflammatory factors, attenuating inflammatory responses, promoting stem cell recruitment in vitro [ 93 , 94 ] and creating a favorable environment for soft tissue healing.…”