“…Methyl orange (MO) is a commonly used mono azo dyes in laboratory assays, textiles and other commercial products, and have to be removed from water due to its toxicity. [1] Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanomaterials are used in a wide range of applications such as (photo) catalysis, [2,3] sensor devices, [4,5] dye-sensitised solar cells, [6] etc. At present, among the semiconductor catalysts used in heterogeneous photocatalysis reactions, TiO 2 is the most practical because of its nontoxicity, high catalytic activity, strong oxidising capability and good stability.…”