“…28,29 Cytotoxic effects of cobalt ions have been demonstrated in macrophages, with cobalt ions inducing apoptosis, necrosis, and TNF-a secretion. [30][31][32][33][34] A similar cytotoxic effect has been observed in osteoblast-like cells, with reduced osteoblast proliferation, [35][36][37] viability, 35,37 and function 35,36,38 observed. In this study we investigated the in vitro effect of cobalt ions on primary human osteoblasts (pHOBs).…”