TNM classification and the need for revision of pN3a breast cancer

Nijnatten, Thiemo J A van; Moossdorff, M.; Munck, Linda de; Goorts, B.; Vane, M.; Keymeulen, Kristien; Beets-Tan, R. G. H.; Lobbes, Marc; Smidt, Marjolein L.

doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.04.002

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples (n=50) were collected at the Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China) and the Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China) between February 2002 and March 2007 from patients who were surgically treated for clinical stage I–III breast cancer (aged 34–65 years) ( 11 ). The patients of the present study were followed up until December 2013 to determine whether they were positive or negative for bone metastasis, with a median follow-up time of 64 months (range, 50–78 months).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPARC inhibits breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a clinical therapeutic target

Gao

Xie

et al. 2017

Oncol Lett

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Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in females worldwide, and metastasis to bone is an important characteristic of malignancy. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of breast cancer to bone metastasis of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of SPARC in primary breast tumors and bone metastatic foci. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression level of SPARC in several types of breast cancer cell. A Transwell filter assay was used to assess the effect of SPARC on breast cancer cell invasion ability, and an osteoblast differentiation assay was employed to analyze the effect of SPARC on the differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical data revealed that decreased stromal SPARC expression is associated with breast cancer to bone metastasis. Gain- and loss-of-function studies reveal that SPARC inhibits the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and suppresses osteoclast activation in the breast cancer microenvironment. SPARC serves an important role in breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPARC inhibits breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a clinical therapeutic target

Gao

Xie

et al. 2017

Oncol Lett

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“…Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in breast cancer (83), and the presence of CSCs may be responsible for the high level of heterogeneity observed in this disease (84). Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are resistant to the effects of chemoradiotherapy and endocrine therapy due to their self-renewal and differentiation potential.…”

Section: Biological Characteristics Of Cxcr2 In Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights on CXC chemokine receptor 2 in breast cancer: An emerging target for oncotherapy (Review)

et al. 2019

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Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide, and the treatment regimens currently available are far from optimal. Targeted therapy, based on molecular typing of breast cancer, is the most precise form of treatment, and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is one of the molecular markers used in targeted therapies. As a member of the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor family, CXCR2 and its associated ligands have been increasingly implicated in tumor-associated processes. These processes include proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance, and stemness and phenotypic maintenance of cancer stem cells. Thus, the inhibition of CXCR2 or its downstream signaling pathways could significantly attenuate tumor progression. Therefore, studies on the biological functions of CXCR2 and its association with neoplasia may help improve the prognosis of breast cancer. Furthermore, the targeting of CXCR2 could supplement the present clinical approaches of breast cancer treatment strategies. The present review discusses the structures and mechanisms of CXCR2 and its ligands. Additionally, the contribution of CXCR2 to the development of breast cancer and its potential therapeutic benefits are also discussed.

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“…Consequently, breast cancer has fairly complex classifications. 4,5 As of today, breast cancer is often first classified based on histopathologic type. The majority of breast cancer cases are invasive ductal carcinoma, but other less-prevalent subtypes still draw attention because of their aggressiveness and occurrence in different patient subpopulations (eg, inflammatory breast cancer often occurs in younger patients).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomedicine applications in the treatment of breast cancer: current state of the art

Xue

et al. 2017

IJN

158

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Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women worldwide, but the current drug therapy is far from optimal as indicated by the high death rate of breast cancer patients. Nanomedicine is a promising alternative for breast cancer treatment. Nanomedicine products such as Doxil ® and Abraxane ® have already been extensively used for breast cancer adjuvant therapy with favorable clinical outcomes. However, these products were originally designed for generic anticancer purpose and not specifically for breast cancer treatment. With better understanding of the molecular biology of breast cancer, a number of novel promising nanotherapeutic strategies and devices have been developed in recent years. In this review, we will first give an overview of the current breast cancer treatment and the updated status of nanomedicine use in clinical setting, then discuss the latest important trends in designing breast cancer nanomedicine, including passive and active cancer cell targeting, breast cancer stem cell targeting, tumor microenvironment-based nanotherapy and combination nanotherapy of drug-resistant breast cancer. Researchers may get insight from these strategies to design and develop nanomedicine that is more tailored for breast cancer to achieve further improvements in cancer specificity, antitumorigenic effect, antimetastasis effect and drug resistance reversal effect.

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TNM classification and the need for revision of pN3a breast cancer

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

SPARC inhibits breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a clinical therapeutic target

SPARC inhibits breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a clinical therapeutic target

Insights on CXC chemokine receptor 2 in breast cancer: An emerging target for oncotherapy (Review)

Nanomedicine applications in the treatment of breast cancer: current state of the art

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