To agree or not to agree? English adjectives in Estonian-English bilingual blogs and vlogs

Kask, Helin

doi:10.12697/jeful.2019.10.2.06

Cited by 2 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Figure 3 demonstrates this pattern with a reference to one specific adjective type: disyllabic adjectives ending with [i] (fancy) in the agreement condition. In the study by Kask (2019) this was the type that always agreed with the noun in number and case, however, among our participants its perception exhibited variation. As "Category and Acceptability Rates" and "Adjective Type and Acceptability Rates" sections demonstrate, the acceptability rate is higher among participants with higher proficiency in and exposure to English.…”

Section: What Can(not) Be Explained By Sociodemographics and Structural Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 43%

“…Based on that, it would be expected that in a bilingual phrase English adjectives would agree with Estonian nouns, at least in the event when an English adjective is compatible with Estonian adjective declensions. A study by Kask ( 2019 ) showed that in bilingual blogs and vlogs the English adjective does not agree with the noun if it does not fit into the Estonian declension system. There is a tendency for agreement, if English adjectives are phonotactically similar to Estonian adjectives and, therefore, are structurally compatible with the declension system.…”

Section: Adjectives In Bilingual Phrase English Adj + Estonian Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a structural point of view, English adjectives that fit into Estonian declension system would take on Estonian inflections. However, it is not always the case (Kask, 2019 ). We assume factors other than structural compatibility play a role here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By bilingual blogs and vlogs we mean that all entries contain either overt elements from English (insertional or alternational code-switching) or loan translations, constructions, patterns etc. More on Estonian-English blogs and vlogs see in Kask ( 2019 , 2021 ), Verschik and Kask ( 2019 ). Personal blogs and vlogs are not restricted with the notion of “correctness” and, therefore, give a picture of naturalistic language use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The article is organized as follows. In Adjectives in bilingual phrase English Adj + Estonian N section, we describe adjective declension types in Estonian and the findings of the only existing empirical study by Kask ( 2019 ). Data and Method section focuses on the experiment methodology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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English Adjectives and Estonian Nouns: Looking for Agreement?

2021

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This study investigated how speakers of Estonian as L1 with varying degree of proficiency in English judge grammaticality of bilingual constructions English adjective + Estonian noun from the point of view of adjective agreement. Estonian is rich in inflectional morphology, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number. The empirical evidence from English-Estonian bilingual speech shows that agreement is not always the case even when an English adjective fits into Estonian declension system. It is hypothesized that the higher proficiency in/exposure to English is, the higher is the acceptability of bilingual adjective phrases, and (non-)agreement does not play a role. To test this, an experiment was designed where the test corpus of 108 sentences consisted of real and constructed examples, both in agreement and non-agreement condition. Real sentences came from fashion and beauty blogs and vlogs. The test was administered online and the participants were asked to rate adjective acceptability. The hypothesis was confirmed: increased proficiency in English, together with younger age, had a positive correlation with acceptability of all adjective types, independent of adjective (non-)agreement. Residence and birthplace had a small effect on acceptability of some adjective types. Whether sentences were real or constructed, had only a minor effect. Male participants tended to assess real sentences lower, probably because of the topics typical for female blogs. Monosyllabic consonant-ending adjectives were exceptional, as their assessment did not depend on any factor. All in all, the study demonstrated that grammaticality judgment among the native speakers of the same L1 differs because of different degrees of bilingualism, and structural factors, such as compatibility with Estonian declension system, are not decisive. Thus, it is not clear what an ideal native speaker is.

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Section: What Can(not) Be Explained By Sociodemographics and Structural Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 43%

Section: Adjectives In Bilingual Phrase English Adj + Estonian Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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English Adjectives and Estonian Nouns: Looking for Agreement?

2021

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Lexical outcomes of Karelian-Russian bilingualism in Tver Karelian

Tavi

2022

ESUKA-JEFUL

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This study investigates the language contact between Tver Karelian and Russian, attempting to provide a comprehensive overview of the lexicon of bilingual code. The methodology includes a combination of statistical analyses and handling contact-induced change in terms of the Code-Copying Framework (=CCF). Nine interviews with nine people were conducted using the memory walk method. In code copying, correlations were found between different word classes and contact-relatedness. In code alternation, few differences were found between different speakers and one commonality was the use of complex numerals as Russian phrases without adapting them into the Tver Karelian code. The findings confirm that the copies are of a certain kindand appear in certain word classes. Code alternation sequences suggest that, according to the CCF, the discourse rather than the language is mixed. The findings within CCF have implications on minority language policies, as the findings support the use of bilingual terminology. Kokkuvõte. Susanna Tavi: Karjala-vene kakskeelsuse mõju tverikarjala keele sõnavarale. Käesolevas uurimistöös uuritakse tverikarjala ja vene keele kontakte. See uuring püüab anda tervikliku ülevaate kakskeelse koodi sõnavarast. Metoodika sisaldab kombinatsiooni statistilistest analüüsidest ja kontaktidest põhjustatud muutuste käsitlemisest koodikopeerimise raamistiku (Code-Copying Framework = CCF) osas. Üheksa intervjuud üheksa inimesega viidi läbi mälukõnni meetodil. Leiti seoseid erinevate sõnaklasside ja kontaktidega seotuse vahel. Koodivahelduses leiti eri kõnelejate vahel vähe erinevusi ja üheks ühiseks jooneks oli keerukate arvsõnade kasutamine venekeelsete fraasidena, ilma neid tverikarjala koodi sobitamata. Leiud kinnitavad, et koopiad on teatud liiki ja esinevad teatud sõnaklassides. Koodi vaheldumise jadad viitavad sellele, et CCF-i kohaselt on segatud eelkõige diskursus, ja mitte keel. CCF-i leiud avaldavad mõju vähemuskeelte poliitikale, kuna leiud toetavad kakskeelse terminoloogia kasutamist.

show abstract

To agree or not to agree? English adjectives in Estonian-English bilingual blogs and vlogs

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

English Adjectives and Estonian Nouns: Looking for Agreement?

English Adjectives and Estonian Nouns: Looking for Agreement?

Lexical outcomes of Karelian-Russian bilingualism in Tver Karelian

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