To Do List for Research and Development and International Standardization to Achieve the Goal of Running a Majority of Electric Vehicles on Solar Energy

Abstract

A car-roof photovoltaic has enormous potential to change our society. With this technology, 70% of a car can run on the solar energy collected by the solar panel on its roof. Unfortunately, it is not a simple extension of conventional photovoltaic technology. This paper lists what we need to do to achieve the goal of running a majority of cars on renewable solar energy, after clarification of the difference to conventional photovoltaic technology. In addition to technological development, standardization will be important and this list was made highlighting standardization.

Solar photovoltaic capacity demand for a sustainable transport sector to fulfil the Paris Agreement by 2050

“…The anticipated strong direct electrification in the road and rail segments, continued higher demand of liquid fuels, and more energy intensive PtG (H 2 , CH 4 ) fuels for the marine and aviation segments 19 The external electricity demand of BEVs may be further reduced by vehicle-integrated PV, 32,33 that has been demonstrated by Sono Motors to extend the range of a BEV by up to 30 km/d. 34 Another example is for the expected tremendous efficiency gain in direct electric aviation, with an efficiency gain from 0.545 kWh th /p-km (2015, kerosene) to 0.141 kWh/p-km (2050, electricity).…”

Measurement and Modeling of the 3-D Solar Irradiance for Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaic

“…The PV technologies will be game-changing in the automobile industry. It may be a dream now, but it is worth challenging [1].The case study of the photovoltaic (PV) driven cars was conducted both by car manufacturers [2] and a think tank [3], and both reached the same conclusion in 2017. About 70 % of a vehicle can run exclusively by solar energy [2][3].…”

“…As a result, 70 % of the cars (runs less than 30 km/day) are expected to run by solar energy [2][3][4]. When we multiply 71 million vehicles (annual sales in 2017), the expected sales will be 50 GW/year [1,5].The efficiency and power rating, as well as energy prediction under the curved surface affected by the shading objects, are critical. For example, the car-roof is three-dimensionally curved, and its curvature may induce power loss by increased cosine loss and self-shading loss [1,[6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…When we multiply 71 million vehicles (annual sales in 2017), the expected sales will be 50 GW/year [1,5].The efficiency and power rating, as well as energy prediction under the curved surface affected by the shading objects, are critical. For example, the car-roof is three-dimensionally curved, and its curvature may induce power loss by increased cosine loss and self-shading loss [1,[6][7][8][9][10]. The irradiance and temperature of the car-roof are different from that of the roof-top or the ground mounting systems [6].…”

“…The irradiance and temperature of the car-roof are different from that of the roof-top or the ground mounting systems [6]. The expected energy yield should be different.Car roofs are often shaded, resulting in significant losses by the string mismatching [1]. It may be improved by the introduction of a power distribution circuit for compensating the mismatch [6,[11][12][13].…”