To drink or to pour: How should athletes use water to cool themselves?

Morris, Nathan B.; Jay, Ollie

doi:10.1080/23328940.2016.1185206

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Any benefits afforded by wearing additional cooling garments or carrying additional cold drinks may be offset by increased weight. Thus, simple recommendations include using cold water sprays, sipping, or pouring a cold drink [252], cold/ wet/frozen towels or bags of ice. Whilst such techniques may be less effective for pre-cooling, during exercise the thermal strain is greater, with a likely greater perceived benefit from localized (otherwise underpowered) cooling, if they alleviate thermal discomfort [208,214].…”

Section: Can Cooling Be Used Effectively Mid-event?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

et al. 2019

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International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and posttraining to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed.

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Section: Can Cooling Be Used Effectively Mid-event?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

et al. 2019

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“…However, athletes did not use cooling during exercise throughout the World Championships. In team sports and tennis matches, athletes can implement per‐cooling strategies during breaks such as internal methods (ice slurry ingestion), using silicone drink bottles with a wide nozzle that allows access to the ice slurry during cycling‐based competitions or pouring cold water (1°C) on the body . Other easy external cooling interventions that are highly practical during exercise include the application of a cooling garment or collar .…”

Section: Practical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooling during exercise enhances performances, but the cooled body areas matter: A systematic review with meta‐analyses

Douzi

Dugué

Vinches

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Introduction Hyperthermia during exercise induces central and peripheral fatigue and impairs physical performance. To facilitate heat loss and optimize performance, athletes can hasten body cooling prior (pre‐cooling) or during (per‐cooling) exercise. However, it is unclear whether per‐cooling effect is the same on ‘aerobic’ and ‘anaerobic’ types of exercise (duration <75 and >76 seconds, respectively, according to Gastin [Sports Med 2001;31:725‐741]) and whether the body area that is cooled makes a difference. Methods A literature search led to the identification of 1582 potential studies. Included studies had to include physical exercise with sufficient details on the type, duration, intensity, and provide valid performance measures and a cooling intervention administered during exercise with sufficient details on the type and site of application. Results Forty‐five studies were included. Per‐cooling provides a performance benefit during ‘aerobic’ (standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.60, P < .001) and ‘anaerobic’ exercises (SMD = 0.27, P < .02). The effects were greater during aerobic compared to anaerobic exercises (P < .01). Internal cooling (cold fluid ingestion such as cold water and ice slurry/menthol beverage) and external cooling (face, neck, and torso) provide the greatest performance benefit for ‘aerobic’ performance with a moderate to large effect (0.46 < SMD < 1.24). For ‘anaerobic’ exercises, wearing a whole‐body cooling garment is the best way to enhance exercise performance (SMD = 0.39, P < .01). Conclusion Per‐cooling improves ‘aerobic’ and ‘anaerobic’ exercise performance with a greater benefit for ‘aerobic’ exercise. The magnitude of the effect depends on the type and site of the cooling application.

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“…Moreover, ice slurry (a mixture of crushed ice and cold water) ingestion seems to yield greater increases in body heat content during exercise in hot (34°C) and dry (20%RH) conditions compared to thermoneutral fluid 49 . In view of the much greater latent heat of vaporization of water (2430 J·g −1 ) relative to specific heat capacity, greater cooling may actually be achieved by dampening the skin surface with water (particularly when accompanied by additional air flow) 52 . Only if work is carried out in hot/humid conditions whereby cold fluid ingestion will reduce the amount of sweat that drips off the body without impacting skin surface evaporation, may the ingestion of colder water confer a clear thermoregulatory advantage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational heat stress in Australian workplaces

Jay

Brotherhood

2016

Temperature

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The aim of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge on heat stress risk within typical Australian occupational settings. We assessed identified occupations (mining, agriculture, construction, emergency services) for heat production and heat loss potential, and resultant levels of physiological heat strain. A total of 29 reports were identified that assessed in-situ work settings in Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, that measured physiological responses and characterized the thermal environment. Despite workers across all industries being regularly exposed to high ambient temperatures (32–42°C) often coupled with high absolute humidity (max: 33 hPa), physiological strain is generally low in terms of core temperature (<38°C) and dehydration (<1 % reduction in mass) by virtue of the low energy demands of many tasks, and self-regulated pacing of work possible in most jobs. Heat stress risk is higher in specific jobs in agriculture (e.g. sheep shearing), deep underground mining, and emergency services (e.g., search/rescue and bushfire fighting). Heat strain was greatest in military-related activities, particularly externally-paced marching with carried loads which resulted in core temperatures often exceeding 39.5°C despite being carried out in cooler environments. The principal driver of core temperature elevations in most jobs is the rate of metabolic heat production. A standardized approach to evaluating the risk of occupational heat strain in Australian workplaces is recommended defining the individual parameters that alter human heat balance. Future research should also more closely examine female workers and occupational activities within the forestry and agriculture/horticulture sector.

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To drink or to pour: How should athletes use water to cool themselves?

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

Cooling during exercise enhances performances, but the cooled body areas matter: A systematic review with meta‐analyses

Occupational heat stress in Australian workplaces

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