To evaluate the levels of glycated hemoglobin, serum calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid and microalbuminuria in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Glycemic control, micronutrients and some metabolic enzyme activity in type 2 diabetes

“…Intracellular glucose is metabolized by phosphorylation, increased phosphorylation during this interval, may lead to a reduction in plasma phosphate levels, and subsequent deleterious effects on glucose metabolism in insulin insensitive tissues. 34 Males seem to have higher inorganic phosphate levels compared to the females of the study population, while increasing age was associated with decreasing phosphate levels. It has been shown that the concentration of plasma ionized phosphates ( Pi) and renal tubular reabsorption of Pi are similarly closely related to age and gender, with the highest values occurring in childhood.…”

“…35 These changes take place in the cells and tissues in which the entry of glucose is not controlled by insulin, particularly in poorly regulated diabetes patients in whom long-term vascular complications are more likely. 34 Mechanisms involved in this disturbance in inorganic phosphate metabolism in diabetes may include; alteration in the homeostatic function of the kidney as a result of hyperglycaemia, the ensuing glycosuria may induce depolarization of the brush border membrane for reabsorption of inorganic phosphate and lead to lack of intracellular phosphate and hyperphosphaturia. 35 Secondly, during hyperglycemichyperinsulinemic intervals, high amounts of glucose enter muscle and fat tissues, which are insulin sensitive.…”

“…Changes in serum phosphate level have been related with severity of diabetes mellitus. 5,34 Early in the progression of diabetes, a paradoxical metabolic imbalance in inorganic phosphate occurs that may lead to reduced high energy phosphate and tissue hypoxia. 35 These changes take place in the cells and tissues in which the entry of glucose is not controlled by insulin, particularly in poorly regulated diabetes patients in whom long-term vascular complications are more likely.…”

Serum Calcium Levels in Correlation with Glycated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetic Sudanese Patients

“…Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is used routinely to monitor long-term glycemic control in people with diabetes mellitus, as HbA1c is related directly to risks for diabetic complications [4]. It is an indicator of average blood glucose concentration over the period of 2-3 months [5]. The test HbA1c does not change with any recent changes in diet, exercise, or medicines [6].…”

Comparative evaluation of efficiency of HbA1C, fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels, in the diagnosis of type-2 diabetes mellitus and its prognostic outcome

“…It is an indicator of average blood glucose concentration over the period of 2-3 months. 2 Evidences on basic and animal studies on calcium have been suspected as modifiers of diabetes risk. Recently there is enough evidence to suggest that altered calcium homeostasis may also play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes.…”