To evaluate the serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and serum interleukin-1 B level in patients of chronic periodontitis with smoking and stress and without smoking and stress

Abstract

The role of cognitive, social and biological factors in the etiology of chronic periodontitis has been reported.The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary cortisol level and interleukin-1 B level in patients of Chronic periodontitis in smokers and stress and nonsmokers without stress.The design of study randomized, prospective, double-blinded, and prospective study.The total sample size was comprised of 600 subjects between the ages of 20 and 50 years. The sample size was divided into 300 males and 300 females. Out of 600 subjects, 200 subjects comprised of subjects with chronic periodontitis with positive depression level with a history of smoking (Group I), 200 subjects comprised of subjects with chronic periodontitis without depression and without smoking (Group II), and 200 subjects who were taken as the control group comprised of healthy subjects without chronic periodontitis, without depression level, and no smoking history (Group III). Salivary cortisol levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The result showed that there was a positive correlation between morning and evening salivary cortisol level in all the groups with correlation coefficient. There was significant higher value of salivary cortisol in Group I patients when compared with Group II and Group III. However, when the comparison of salivary cortisol levels was done between the Group II and Control group, the result showed nonsignificant P value.It is suggested that stress is positively correlated with the salivary cortisol levels in smokers and nonsmokers.

Biomarkers common for inflammatory periodontal disease and depression: A systematic review

“… Petit et al. (2021) Cortisol, Chromogranin-A plasma/immunoassay No correlation between plasma cortisol or chromogranin-A with psychological status No correlation between plasmatic cortisol or chromogranin-A with SRP outcomes Zhang et al. (2021) Cortisol, Interleukin B saliva/ELISA No significant difference in cortisol or IL-1β levels between periodontitis patients and healthy controls.…”

“…(2017) found significant associations between high levels of stress (including depression) and worse periodontal status. Finally, depression in chronic periodontitis was associated with higher periodontal destruction ( Zhang et al., 2021 ) and stress levels indicative of depression were found to be associated with poorer periodontal healing among IPD patients ( Petit et al., 2020 , 2021 ).…”

“… Self-reported depression (DASS42) – 19% of patients suffered from depression. Increased depression resulted in worsened outcomes after non-surgical periodontal treatment Good Zhang et al. (2021) , China 600: 200 healthy controls, 200 IPD only; 200 IPD+MD Dental outpatients, 20–50 ​yrs, 50% women Healthy controls versus periodontitis patients with (+smoking) or without depression (-smoking).…”

“…Most studies reported cortisol levels measured in saliva, GCF, serum or urine to be positively correlated with periodontal disease ( Bawankar et al., 2018 ; Cakmak et al., 2014 , 2016 ; Cohen-Cole et al., 1983 ; Fenol et al., 2017 ; Rahate et al., 2021 ; Refulio et al., 2013 ; Rosania et al., 2009 ). However, five studies found no associations between salivary cortisol and periodontal disease ( Cakmak et al., 2019 ; da Silva et al., 2015 ; Kurer et al., 1995 ; Petit et al., 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). While Zhang et al.…”

“…However, five studies found no associations between salivary cortisol and periodontal disease ( Cakmak et al., 2019 ; da Silva et al., 2015 ; Kurer et al., 1995 ; Petit et al., 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). While Zhang et al. (2021) observed no significant difference in salivary IL-1β, Bawankar et al.…”