“…A related type of self-belief is language-learning self-concept, or how students generally feel about themselves as language learners (Mills et al, 2007, p. 423). Learner beliefs can be focused on more external targets as well; Barcelos and Kalaja (2003) suggested that beliefs comprise students' "opinions and focusing on specifi c aspects of the language learning classroom: fi rst language (L1) usage (Rolin-Ianziti & Varshney, 2008), technology (Peters, Weinberg, & Sarma, 2009), the native versus nonnative class instructor (Hertel & Sunderman, 2009), and, in the context of incoming freshmen in a university program, preferred classroom activities (Mandell, 2002). Similarly, Price and Gascoigne (2006) sought to describe more general attitudes from college students about the "importance of foreign language study" and "postsecondary foreign language requirements" (Price & Gascoigne, 2006, p. 386).…”