To protect and serve while protecting privileges and serving male interests: hegemonic masculinity and the sense of entitlement within the Icelandic police force

Investigating the role of social media abuse in gender-based violence: The experiences of women police officers

“…While research on the online abuse of women police officers is scant (O’Connor, 2017), there is a significant body of literature that confirms that the presence of sexist attitudes and behaviour in the physical space is an enduring feature of the occupational culture of policing (Brown et al, 2019). Rawski and Workman-Stark (2018) define the four key features of police culture as ‘show no weakness, strength and stamina, put work first and dog-eat-dog competition’ (Rawski and Workman-Stark, 2018: 608), which also dictates that police officers who do not adhere to these cultural norms are excluded, particularly when not masculine, heterosexual and white (Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir, 2021). The prevailing presence of police culture is resistant to the presence of women officers (Brown, 1998), who are often expected to undertake aspects of police work that are focused on family or community issues (Rabe-Hemp, 2008).…”

“…Research by Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir (2021) adds a further dimension to consideration of this area of abuse. The work by Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir (2021), which considers the attitudes of serving police officers in Iceland, found that young men, especially those newly recruited, were the group most likely to hold sexist attitudes towards female colleagues. It is proposed that this occurs as a consequence of these officers seeking to reassert male dominance within policing, fearing that any move towards greater equality could pose a threat to their own occupational advancement (Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir, 2021).…”

“…Numerous studies (e.g. Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir, 2021; Walby and Joshua, 2021) have confirmed that the occupation of policing is both highly gendered and male dominated (Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir, 2021). While research on the online abuse of women police officers is scant (O’Connor, 2017), there is a significant body of literature that confirms that the presence of sexist attitudes and behaviour in the physical space is an enduring feature of the occupational culture of policing (Brown et al, 2019).…”

“…The literature on online abuse recognises that a focus on appearance is frequently central to the abuse that women receive (e.g. Backe et al, 2018), primarily as a consequence of sexism and a wider misogyny (Jennings and Coker, 2020), of the type that exists within policing (Steinþórsdóttir and Pétursdóttir, 2021). This appears to be particularly applicable to women at senior ranks within the police service, whose professional role routinely expects them to interact with the media, or to have their image featured on publicity material:It’s just an obsession with commentating on how you look all the time.…”

Perceived work values, materialism and entitlement mentality among Generation Y students in South Africa

“…A study seeking to discover determinants of entitlement mentality can be helpful to managers as they have indicated a frustration with employees who have high work expectations but are not prepared to work hard (McAlevey & Ostertag 2014). Comparative research between men and women indicates that men have higher entitlement to salary than women (Hartman 2012;Steinþórsdóttir & Pétursdóttir 2021). Because of the previous studies, biological sex was controlled for in this study.…”