“…Instead, such policy pressures are always enacted by actors on the ground (Landri, 2021). For example, focusing on individual teachers or schools, researchers observe varying responses from 'passive resistance,' 'cynical compliance' and 'muddling through' to 'begrudging acceptance' and alignment, as well as work-around practices, fabrications, data manipulation and other unintended effects (Thompson & Cook, 2014;Selwyn, Henderson & Chao, 2015;Landri, 2021). Another example of these ambivalences is the coexistence of contradictory logics of critique and acceptance of data (a 'double-think' of data) in the minds of individual educators, for whom data is "worthless yet important, unnecessary yet indispensable, distracting but beneficial" (Hardy & Lewis, 2017, p. 682).…”