To see in a mirror dimly. The looking glass self is self-shaming in borderline personality disorder

Unoka, Zsolt; Vizin, Gabriella

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.055

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Difficulties with these abilities are often present in people suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD); moreover, emotion dysregulation is considered a core attribute of this mental disorder [1,2]. BPD patients are frequently experiencing overwhelming negative emotions such as abandonment, loneliness, jealousy, feeling rejected, hatred, envy, anger, shame and guilt [3][4][5]. They often report aversive tension, a diffuse, highly aroused state with negative valence [6], and they have difficulties with identifying, naming, or putting into context these emotional states [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects

et al. 2021

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Objectives Emotion regulation difficulties are a major characteristic of personality disorders. Our study investigated emotion regulation difficulties that are characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD), compared to a healthy control group. Methods Patients with BPD (N = 59) and healthy participants (N = 70) filled out four self-report questionnaires (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale) that measured the presence or lack of different emotion-regulation strategies. Differences between the BPD and the healthy control group were investigated by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and univariate post-hoc F-test statistics. Results People suffering from BPD had statistically significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of emotional dysregulation and used more maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies, as well as lower levels of mindfulness and self-compassion compared to the HC group. Conclusion In comparison to a healthy control group, BPD patients show deficits in the following areas: mindfulness, self-compassion and adaptive emotion-regulation strategies. Based on these results, we suggest that teaching emotion-regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion skills to patients can be crucial in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects

et al. 2021

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“…In contrast to shame, guilt seems to be a relatively benign emotion when experienced alone, but becomes maladaptive when being excessive, ruminative, and fused with shame [8,9]. Taken together, the above-outlined negative health outcomes of shame highlight the importance of further research on guilt and shame in the field of public health (see also [10,11]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (GSES) on a Representative Adolescent Sample: A Low Differentiation between Guilt and Shame

Maliňáková

Fürstová

Kalman

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (GSES) is a new, brief self-report instrument for assessing experiences of guilt and shame. It includes two distinct scales: feelings of shame and feelings of guilt. The present report focuses on results from a final validation study using a nationally representative sample of 7899 adolescents (M age = 14.5 ± 1.1 years, 50.7% boys) who participated in the 2014 Health Behavior in School-aged Children study. For factor analysis, the dataset was divided into two groups. One group (n = 3950) was used for the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the second (n = 3949) for the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA results in a one-factor model of the GSES scale, while the CFA suggests a two-factor solution mirroring two scales, feelings of shame and feelings of guilt. Both models have a good fit to the data, and the scale also showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89). A nonparametric comparison of different sociodemographic groups showed a higher disposition for experiencing guilt and shame among girls, students of the ninth grade, and religious respondents. A comparison of the results to previously published results obtained from adults indicates that adolescence is a developmental period involving low differentiation between moral emotions like guilt and shame compared with adulthood. Moreover, positive association with religious attendance shows a need of addressing these issues in a pastoral care setting.

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“…It was even suggested to conceptualize BPD as a chronic shame response (Crowe, 2004). Empirical approaches have confirmed these lines of reasoning: Several studies found that BPD participants scored higher on explicit and implicit measures of shame than clinical control groups (Gratz et al, 2010;Unoka & Vizin, 2017), and these higher shame levels in BPD were maintained across 16 years of follow-up (Karan et al, 2014). Adults with BPD were also shown to have particular difficulties regulating shame and anger-related emotions (Berenson et al, 2011;Gratz et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Adults with BPD were also shown to have particular difficulties regulating shame and anger-related emotions (Berenson et al, 2011; Gratz et al, 2010). Moreover, shame is the emotion in BPD most strongly linked with chronic suicidality, nonsuicidal self-injury, and anger (Brown et al, 2009; Scheel, Bender, et al, 2013; Scott et al, 2015; Unoka & Vizin, 2017). Anger-related phenomena like hostility and aggression may even be elicited in the context of shame among individuals with BPD, perhaps as a defensive attempt to deflect attention away from the self (Schoenleber & Berenbaum, 2012a; 2012b; Scott et al, 2015).…”

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Negative self-conscious emotions in women with borderline personality disorder as assessed by an Implicit Association Test.

Spitzer

Jelinek

Baumann

et al. 2021

Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment

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Shame and guilt are vital in borderline personality disorder (BPD), and previous research using explicit measures has consistently found elevated levels of these self-conscious emotions (SCE) in those with BPD. However, these measures cannot elucidate implicit processes that are equally important, as they guide the perceptions of the self and influence behavioral responses. Thus, we aimed to extend the research on SCE in BPD utilizing an indirect latency-based measure. A total of 29 female inpatients with BPD and 21 healthy women were assessed with a shame and a guilt self-concept Implicit Association Test (IAT). These two tasks use reaction time measurements to determine the relative strengths of associations between the self versus others and shame versus pride and guilt versus innocence. In addition, participants completed questionnaires capturing shame, guilt, and BPD symptoms. Women with BPD displayed significantly more shame-and guilt-prone implicit self-concepts than the control group (d ϭ 1.2 and d ϭ 0.7, respectively). They also scored significantly higher on explicit measures of shame and guilt. Although explicitly and implicitly assessed shame and guilt were strongly associated with borderline pathology, multivariate models indicated that solely self-reported, but not implicitly measured, guilt was consistently related to all BPD outcomes. Shame was only associated with the number of BPD criteria. This study extends previous findings on SCE in BPD, in that women with BPD do not only explicitly conceive themselves as more shame-and guilt-prone but also exhibit implicitly more shame and guilt self-concepts than healthy controls. Our results may hold clinical and therapeutic implications.

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To see in a mirror dimly. The looking glass self is self-shaming in borderline personality disorder

Cited by 26 publications

References 41 publications

Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects

Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (GSES) on a Representative Adolescent Sample: A Low Differentiation between Guilt and Shame

Negative self-conscious emotions in women with borderline personality disorder as assessed by an Implicit Association Test.

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