‘To Swim or Not To Swim’: the impact of jellyfish stings causing Irukandji Syndrome in Tropical Queensland

Sando, Jennifer J.; Usher, Kim; Buettner, Petra G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03034.x

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our results suggest that Irukandji polyps will survive in moderate and extreme climate conditions projected to occur by the year 2100, but that their rates of asexual reproduction will be slower if temperatures warm by 2 °C and/or pH declines to ~7.7. If the moderate pCO 2 scenario occurs in the future, however, C. barnesi populations will likely persist and continue to require management in northern Australia, particularly in Queensland where most cases of Irukandji syndrome are attributed to C. barnesi (Sando et al, 2010;Gershwin et al, 2013). The acclimation of other cnidarian species such as corals (Torda et al, 2017) also strengthens the assumption that C. barnesi populations will persist even in extreme conditions in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Extreme, but not moderate climate scenarios, impart sublethal effects on polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi

Boco

Pitt

Melvin

2019

Science of The Total Environment

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Ocean acidification and warming, fueled by excess atmospheric carbon dioxide, can impose stress on marine organisms. Most studies testing the effects of climate change on marine organisms, however, use extreme climate projection scenarios, despite moderate projections scenarios being most likely to occur. Here, we examined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on reproduction, respiration, mobility and metabolic composition of polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi, to determine the responses of a cubozoan jellyfish to moderate and extreme climate scenarios in Queensland, Australia. The experiment consisted two orthogonal factors: temperature (current 25 °C and future 28 °C) and pH (current (8.0) moderate (7.9) and extreme (7.7)). All polyps survived in the experiment but fewer polyps were produced in the pH 7.7 treatment compared to pH 7.9 and pH 8.0. Respiration rates were elevated in the lowest pH treatment throughout most of the experiment and polyps were approximately half as mobile in this treatment compared to pH 7.9 and pH 8.0, regardless of temperature. We identified metabolites occurring at significantly lower relative abundance in the lowest pH (i.e. glutamate, acetate, betaine, methylguanidine, lysine, sarcosine, glycine) and elevated temperature (i.e. proline, trigonelline, creatinine, mannose, acetate, betaine, methylguanidine, lysine, sarcosine) treatments. Glycine was the only metabolite exhibiting an interactive effect between pH and temperature. Our results suggest that C. barnesi polyps are unaffected by the most optimistic climate scenario and may tolerate even extreme climate conditions to some extent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Extreme, but not moderate climate scenarios, impart sublethal effects on polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi

Boco

Pitt

Melvin

2019

Science of The Total Environment

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“…There have been reports of blood pressures as high as 300/180 mmHg [ 167 ]. Pallor, peripheral cyanosis, oliguria, tremor, and cerebral edema have also been described [ 168 ]. Ventricular tachycardia, myocardial injury [ 72 , 106 ], cardiomyopathy with abrupt pulmonary edema [ 147 , 169 ] and cardiogenic shock [ 32 , 156 ] may occur.…”

Section: Envenomation Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raising Awareness on the Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Jellyfish Stings: A Worldwide Increasing Threat

Cunha

Dinis-Oliveira

2022

IJERPH

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Jellyfish are ubiquitous animals registering a high and increasing number of contacts with humans in coastal areas. These encounters result in a multitude of symptoms, ranging from mild erythema to death. This work aims to review the state-of-the-art regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and relevant clinical and forensic aspects of jellyfish stings. There are three major classes of jellyfish, causing various clinical scenarios. Most envenomations result in an erythematous lesion with morphological characteristics that may help identify the class of jellyfish responsible. In rare cases, the sting may result in delayed, persistent, or systemic symptoms. Lethal encounters have been described, but most of those cases happened in the Indo-Pacific region, where cubozoans, the deadliest jellyfish class, can be found. The diagnosis is mostly clinical but can be aided by dermoscopy, skin scrapings/sticky tape, confocal reflectance microscopy, immunological essays, among others. Treatment is currently based on preventing further envenomation, inactivating the venom, and alleviating local and systemic symptoms. However, the strategy used to achieve these effects remains under debate. Only one antivenom is currently used and covers merely one species (Chironex fleckeri). Other antivenoms have been produced experimentally but were not tested on human envenomation settings. The increased number of cases, especially due to climate changes, justifies further research in the study of clinical aspects of jellyfish envenoming.

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“…More recently Carukia barnesi and several other unnamed carybdeids have been identifi ed as the cause of Irukandji Syndrome, the symptoms of which include intense lower back and chest pain, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diffi culty breathing, headache, anxiety and severe hypertension that may last for 1-2 days (Gershwin et al 2010 ). Based primarily on regional hospital data, the number of reported Chironex or Irukandji stings in Australia ranges between < 10 and ~ 200 year −1 for each region or state, with the majority of casualties being tourists (Sando et al 2010 ). Fenner and Harrison 2000 ;Macrokanis et al 2004 ;Currie and Jacups 2005 ;Nickson et al 2009 ) and other parts of the Indo-West Pacifi c (Fenner et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numbers of people diagnosed with Irukandji Syndrome in tropical Queensland 2001-2007, with methods used to get to hospital (Modifi ed fromSando et al 2010 ) Year Number of people Locals % Tourists % Self QAS land EMQ chopper RFDS Self travel to hospital using private transport, QAS land Queensland ambulance service land ambulance, EMQ chopper emergency management Queensland helicopter, RFDS royal fl ying doctor serviceIn the originalTable 3,Sando et al 2010 , there is one person of unknown origin in 2003, which has been removed from this table…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Jellyfish Blooms

2014

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‘To Swim or Not To Swim’: the impact of jellyfish stings causing Irukandji Syndrome in Tropical Queensland

Abstract: Nurses failed to document assessment processes limiting adequately the ability to assess trends in the patient's condition effectively and treat symptoms efficiently. It is, therefore, timely to review the critical role that assessment plays in clinical care.

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Extreme, but not moderate climate scenarios, impart sublethal effects on polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi

Extreme, but not moderate climate scenarios, impart sublethal effects on polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi

Raising Awareness on the Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Jellyfish Stings: A Worldwide Increasing Threat

Jellyfish Blooms

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