To what extent does access to improved sanitation explain the observed differences in infant mortality in Africa?

Alemu, Aye Mengistu

doi:10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1370

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Mehretie Adinew et al (2017), considering Ethiopia, mentioned that sanitation is an important determinant of infant survival. Alemu (2017) mentioned that 1 per cent increase in sanitation facilities will reduce the infant mortality by 2 per thousand live births. Andres, Briceño, Chase, and Echenique (2017) opined that improved sanitation facility leads to reduction in diarrheal problem by 47 per cent and thereby improves the IMR.…”

Section: An Exhaustive Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Banerjee

Sar

Pandey

2020

Journal of Health Management

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Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important development indicator and a vital component of millennium development goals (MDGs) set by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to UNDP, so far India has only fared moderately in reducing IMR (Goal 4 of MDGs). India (32) ranks 144th among 196 countries regarding IMR as per the 2017 data availed from World Development Indicators. Its adjacent countries such as Bhutan (25.6), Bangladesh (26.9) and Nepal (27.8) have fared much better regarding infant survival. Numbers within the parentheses indicate the IMR of the respective country. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has identified that IMR among families with better access to improved drinking water sources and toilet is much lower than those bereft of the same. This inference has been drawn from National Family Health Survey 3 data (NFHS III). The present study investigates into the aforementioned relation analysing NFHS IV data. The result depicts that contrary to UNICEF’s findings, IMR increases with better accessibility to improved water sources. Further to this, the article shows that an additional aqua-related practice together with improved drinking water sources might lead to the betterment of IMR for India.

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Section: An Exhaustive Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Banerjee

Sar

Pandey

2020

Journal of Health Management

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“…Globally it has been noticed in developed economies that a local government commitment to improve water and sanitation facilities increases investment for improved water, sanitation and hygiene that caused a remarkable improvement in human living standard and hygiene practices (Alemu, 2017;Fewtrell et al, 2005). Contrary in south Asian countries picture is different and more than 134 million people of South Asia are living without having access to improved water and sanitation facilities while millions have limited access to safe water services and practice poor hygiene behaviors, it may be the leading causes of high child mortality and morbidity in South Asian countries (Lawn, Cousens, Zupan, & Team, 2005).…”

Section: Economic Growth and Child Mortality Environment Quality And mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Step toward Realization of Vision 2030; Reduction in Child Mortality: New Evidence from South Asian Countries

Kauser¹

2019

JISR-MSSE

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The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of economic and social factors on child mortality in South Asian countries. Economic factors consist of economic growth, private and public health expenditures while social factors are comprised of access to improved water sources, access to improved sanitation facilities, and environmental quality. This study collected the data from World Development Indicators (WDI) over the period of 1967-2016. This study utilized Johnson co-integration test to investigate the long run co-integration. The study found that long-run co-integration exits among the modeled variables. The results of long-run co-integration recommend that Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) is appropriate to examine the short-run relationship among the modeled variables. The study found that access to improve water and sanitation facilities, environmental quality, total health expenditure, and economic growth significantly and negatively affect child survival. Moreover, the study has also investigated private and public health expenditure on child mortality separately and found that the size of the impact of public health expenditure is greater than private health expenditure. This study guides the policy makers and international agencies that in order to meet the required rate of child mortality they should invest more in the health sector and should provide clean water, sanitation facilities to its residents. Moreover, the study recommends that the government should revise environmental policies to lower the child mortality rate.

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“…Some past studies (see [ 8 – 17 ], among others) have attempted to discover the factors that have impacts on human health and the death rate. However, based on their contradictory findings it has been difficult to draw conclusive and comprehensive guidelines for formulating certain policy initiatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is industrial pollution detrimental to public health? Evidence from the world’s most industrialised countries

2021

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Background Industrial pollution is considered to be a detrimental factor for human health. This study, therefore, explores the link between health status and industrial pollution for the top 20 industrialised countries of the world. Methods Crude death rate is used to represent health status and CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction, and nitrous oxide emissions are considered to be indicators of industrial pollution. Using annual data of 60 years (1960–2019), an unbalanced panel data estimation method is followed where (Driscoll, J. C. et al. Rev Econ Stat, 80, 549–560, 1998) standard error technique is employed to deal with heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and cross-sectional dependence problems. Results The research findings indicate that industrial pollution arising from both variables has a detrimental impact on human health and significantly increases the death rate, while an increase in economic growth, number of physicians, urbanisation, sanitation facilities and schooling decreases the death rate. Conclusions Therefore, minimisation of industrial pollution should be the topmost policy agenda in these countries. All the findings are consistent theoretically, and have empirical implications as well. The policy implication of this study is that the mitigation of industrial pollution, considering other pertinent factors, should be addressed appropriately by enunciating effective policies to reduce the human death rate and improve health status in the studied panel countries.

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To what extent does access to improved sanitation explain the observed differences in infant mortality in Africa?

Cited by 29 publications

References 7 publications

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

A Step toward Realization of Vision 2030; Reduction in Child Mortality: New Evidence from South Asian Countries

Is industrial pollution detrimental to public health? Evidence from the world’s most industrialised countries

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