Tobacco and transition: an overview of industry investments, impact and influence in the former Soviet Union: Table 6

Gilmore, Anna

doi:10.1136/tc.2002.002667

Cited by 79 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Cigars or pipes were rare in the former Soviet Union. The most popular cigarette brands were filterless cigarettes (papirosi or oval cigarettes) with a few filter brands; however, the consumption of filter cigarettes increased in the 1990s (Gilmore and McKee, 2004). Participants were categorized into four groups according to educational level (primary, unfinished secondary, secondary, high school).…”

Section: Data Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking, educational level and total and site-specific cancer

Everatt

Kuzmickienė

Virvičiūtė

et al. 2014

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Smoking is an established risk factor for cancer. However, most studies have been carried out on western populations, and less is known about the impact in central and eastern Europe. Our objective was to investigate the association between cigarette smoking, educational level and risk of cancer in a Lithuanian population-based cohort study. The study included 6976 men initially free from cancer. During the follow-up (1978-2008), 1780 cancer cases were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). In addition, the burden of cancer attributable to smoking was assessed by the population attributable fraction. Following adjustment for age, education, alcohol consumption and BMI, for current compared with never smokers, highly significant and strongly elevated estimates were found for total (HR=1.79, 95% CI 1.59-2.02), tobacco-related (HR=2.52, 95% CI 2.16-2.95), upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) (HR=5.77, 95% CI 2.73-12.21), lung (HR=10.47, 95% CI 6.74-16.25), bladder (HR=3.31, 95% CI 1.71-6.41) and liver (HR=4.64, 95% CI 1.53-14.08) cancer. Findings suggest a lower risk of prostate cancer in current smokers. In addition, the occurrence of lung and UADT cancer was significantly elevated in men in the lowest educational attainment category. If smoking had not occurred, ∼23% of total cancer, 37% of tobacco-related, 77% of lung, 58% of UADT, 43% of liver and 45% of bladder cancer cases could have been prevented in this cohort of men. Cancer-control strategies focused on reducing smoking should be a public health priority.

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Section: Data Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking, educational level and total and site-specific cancer

Everatt

Kuzmickienė

Virvičiūtė

et al. 2014

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…[1] Nevertheless, a substantial percentage of adults, particularly men, smoke despite knowledge of its adverse consequences. [2][3] [4] In Ukraine, the second largest country in the former Soviet Union, smoking has reached epidemic proportions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking initiation and nicotine dependence symptoms in Ukraine: Findings from the Ukraine World Mental Health survey

et al. 2007

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SummaryObjectives-Cigarette smoking is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in former Soviet countries. This study examined the personal, familial and psychiatric risk factors for smoking initiation and development of nicotine dependence symptoms in Ukraine.Study Design-Cross-sectional survey.Methods-Smoking history and dependence symptoms were ascertained from N=1,711 adults in Ukraine as part of a national mental health survey conducted in 2002. Separate analyses were conducted for men and women.Results-The prevalence of lifetime regular smoking was 80.5% in men and 18.7% in women, with median ages at initiation among smokers of 17 and 18, respectively. Furthermore, 61.2% of men and 11.9% of women were current smokers; among the subgroup of lifetime smokers, 75.9% of men and 63.1% of women currently smoked. The youngest female cohort (born 1965-1984) was 26 times more likely to start smoking than the oldest. Smoking initiation was also linked to childhood externalizing behaviors and antecedent use of alcohol in both genders, as well as marital status and personal alcohol abuse in men, and childhood urbanicity and birth cohort in women. Dependence symptoms developed in 61.7% of male and 47.1% of female smokers. The rate increased sharply in the first four years after smoking initiation. Dependence symptoms were related to birth cohort and alcohol abuse in both genders, as well as growing up in a suburb or town and childhood externalizing behaviors in men, and parental antisocial behavior in women.Conclusions-Increased smoking in young women heralds a rising epidemic in Ukraine and underscores the need for primary prevention programs, especially in urban areas. Our findings support the importance of childhood and alcohol-related risk factors, especially in women, while pre-

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“…has been a key process generating greater global economic integration ('globalisation'). In the public health arena, it has been recognised that FDI influences tobacco consumption 9 . But minimal attention has been paid to the key role played by FDI in shaping the global market for a specific group of foods associated with the nutrition transition: highly processed foods*.…”

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confidence: 99%

The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition

Hawkes

2005

Public Health Nutr.

194

198

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Objective: To examine the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the nutrition transition, focusing on highly processed foods. Design: Data on FDI were identified from reports/databases and then compiled and analysed. A review of published literature on FDI into the food sector was conducted. Setting: The nutrition transition is a public health concern owing to its connection with the rising burden of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases in developing countries. Global health leaders are calling for action to address the threat. Highly processed foods often have considerable fat, sugar and salt content, and warrant closer examination. Results: FDI into food processing, service and retail has risen rapidly since the 1980s, mainly from transnational food companies (TFCs) in developed countries. As FDI has risen, so has the proportion invested in highly processed foods for sale in the host market. FDI has proved more effective than trade in generating sales of highly processed foods, and enables TFCs to cut costs, gain market power and obtain efficiencies in distribution and marketing. The amount of FDI targeted at developing countries is increasing; while a disproportionate share enters the larger developing economies, foreign affiliates of TFCs are among the largest companies in low-and low-to middle-income countries. The effect of FDI is to make more highly processed foods available to more people. FDI has made it possible to lower prices, open up new purchasing channels, optimise the effectiveness of marketing and advertising, and increase sales. Conclusion: FDI has been a key mechanism in shaping the global market for highly processed foods. Notwithstanding the role of demand-side factors, it has played a role in the nutrition transition by enabling and promoting the consumption of these foods in developing countries. Empirical data on consumption patterns of highly processed foods in developing countries are critically needed, but since FDI is a long-term investment vehicle, it is reasonable to assume that availability and consumption of highly processed foods will continue to increase. FDI can, however, bring considerable benefits as well as risks. Through its position 'upstream', FDI would therefore be an appropriate entry-point to implement a range of public health policies to 'redirect' the nutrition transition.

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Tobacco and transition: an overview of industry investments, impact and influence in the former Soviet Union: Table 6

Cited by 79 publications

References 18 publications

Cigarette smoking, educational level and total and site-specific cancer

Cigarette smoking, educational level and total and site-specific cancer

Smoking initiation and nicotine dependence symptoms in Ukraine: Findings from the Ukraine World Mental Health survey

The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition

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