Tobacco control environment: cross-sectional survey of policy implementation, social unacceptability, knowledge of tobacco health harms and relationship to quit ratio in 17 low-income, middle-income and high-income countries

Chow, Clara K; Corsi, Daniel J.; Gilmore, Anna; Kruger, Annamarie; Igumbor, Ehimario; Chifamba, Jephat; Wang, Yang; Li, Wei; Iqbal, Romaina; Mony, Prem; Gupta, Rajeev; Vijayakumar, Krishnapillai; Mohan, .; Kumar, Rajesh; Rahman, Omar; Yusoff, Khalid; Ismail, Noorhassim; Zatońska, Katarzyna; Altuntaş, Yüksel; Rosengren, Annika; Bahonar, Ahmad; Yusufali, Afzalhussein; Dagenais, Gilles R.; Lear, Scott A.; Dı́az, Rafael; Avezum, Álvaro; López‐Jaramillo, Patricio; Lanas, Fernando; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Teo, Koon; McKee, Martin; Yusuf, Salim

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013817

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Many countries have adopted stronger restrictions on tobacco marketing than the USA, and some Vector measures in the PhenX Toolkit are included in routine international surveillance instruments, such as the Global Youth and Adult Tobacco Surveys and surveys by the ITC Policy Evaluation Project in 29 countries 44. Even the price of the cheapest cigarette pack from the STARS instrument can be compared with data collected in urban and rural neighbourhoods across low-income, middle-income and high-income countries using the Environmental Profile of a Community’s Health (EPOCH), which assesses environmental determinants of cardiovascular health 45. In addition, one adaptation of a widely used ITC scale46 has incorporated information about the retail availability of tobacco from EPOCH community assessments 45…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PhenX: Vector measures for tobacco regulatory research

Ribisl¹,

Chaloupka

Kirchner

et al. 2020

Tob Control

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The PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit provides researchers with recommended standard consensus measures for use in epidemiological, biomedical, clinical and translational studies. To expand the depth and breadth of measures in the PhenX Toolkit, the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Food and Drug Administration have launched a project to identify ‘Core’ and ‘Specialty’ collections of measures recommended for human subjects studies in tobacco regulatory research (TRR). The current paper addresses the PhenX Toolkit TRR Vector specialty area and describes the 6-month process to identify high-priority, low-burden, scientifically supported consensus measures. Self-reported, interviewer-administered and observational measurements were considered, and input from the research community assisted in justifying the inclusion of 13 tobacco industry-relevant measures (mainly interviewer-administered or self-reported measures) in the PhenX Toolkit. Compared with measures of addiction or the use of tobacco products, assessments of many Vector factors are much newer and at an earlier stage of development. More work is needed to refine and validate measures of the spatial distribution of tobacco retailers, retail environment, price promotions and corporate social responsibility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PhenX: Vector measures for tobacco regulatory research

Ribisl¹,

Chaloupka

Kirchner

et al. 2020

Tob Control

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“…). With regard to public health, higher quit ratios are associated with greater tobacco control policies (eg, price, health warnings), social unacceptability of smoking and knowledge of smoking-related effects on health68 so research may help to determine the effectiveness of these public health initiatives for persons with cannabis use or CUDs who smoke cigarettes. Based on our results, both public health and clinical efforts to improve cigarette quit outcomes may benefit from including those with any cannabis use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking quit ratios among adults in the USA with cannabis use and cannabis use disorders, 2002–2016

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe prevalence of cigarette smoking is nearly three times higher among persons who use cannabis and have cannabis use disorders (CUDs), relative to those who do not. The current study examined cigarette quit ratios from 2002 to 2016 among US adults with and without cannabis use and CUDs.MethodsThe current study analysed US adults aged 18 years and older from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual cross-sectional study. Quit ratios (ie, proportion of former smokers among ever-smokers) were calculated annually from 2002 to 2016. Time trends in quit ratios by cannabis use/CUDs were tested using logistic regression.ResultsIn 2016, the quit ratios for people with any cannabis use (23%) and CUDs (15%) were less than half the quit ratios of those without cannabis use and CUDs (51% and 48%, respectively). After controlling for demographics and substance use disorders, the quit ratio did not change from 2002 to 2016 among persons with CUD, though it non-linearly increased among persons with cannabis use, without cannabis use and without CUDs. Quit ratios increased more rapidly among those who reported past-month cannabis use compared with those without past-month cannabis use.ConclusionsCigarette smoking quit ratios remain dramatically lower among people who use cannabis and have CUDs and quit ratios did not change significantly from 2002 to 2016 among those with CUDs. Public health and clinical attention are needed to increase quit ratios and reduce harmful cigarette smoking consequences for persons with cannabis use and CUDs.

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“…105,106 In PURE, we have observed that the implementation of policies to control tobacco use (eg, higher cigarette costs, lower availability, antismoking signage, and bans on tobacco advertising) was more prevalent in HICs compared with MICs or LICs, and where all these measures are combined, there are higher quit rates among smokers. 107 Agricultural policies, coupled with advances in agricultural technology, have greatly changed the food supply in most HICs, resulting in greater availability and consumption of refined carbohydrates, vegetable oils, processed foods, sugary beverages, and meats, with similar trends in the global food system now impacting MICs and LICs to variable degrees. 79 In MICs and LICs, healthy dietary choices are a further challenge to adhere to on a long-term basis because healthy diets are not practicable or affordable because of the unaffordability of many healthy foods (eg, fresh fruit and vegetables).…”

Section: Strength Of Evidence: Highmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1

Joseph

Leong

McKee

et al. 2017

Circulation Research

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Current global health policy goals include a 25% reduction in premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2025. In this 2-part review, we provide an overview of the current epidemiological data on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), its risk factors, and describe strategies aimed at reducing its burden. In part 1, we examine the global epidemiology of cardiac conditions that have the greatest impact on CVD mortality; the predominant risk factors; and the impact of upstream, societal health determinants (eg, environmental factors, health policy, and health systems) on CVD. Although age-standardized mortality from CVD has decreased in many regions of the world, the absolute number of deaths continues to increase, with the majority now occurring in middle- and low-income countries. It is evident that multiple factors are causally related to CVD, including traditional individual level risk factors (mainly tobacco use, lipids, and elevated blood pressure) and societal level health determinants (eg, health systems, health policies, and barriers to CVD prevention and care). Both individual and societal risk factors vary considerably between different regions of the world and economic settings. However, reliable data to estimate CVD burden are lacking in many regions of the world, which hampers the establishment of nationwide prevention and management strategies. A 25% reduction in premature CVD mortality globally is feasible but will require better implementation of evidence-based policies (particularly tobacco control) and integrated health systems strategies that improve CVD prevention and management. In addition, there is a need for better health information to monitor progress and guide health policy decisions.

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Tobacco control environment: cross-sectional survey of policy implementation, social unacceptability, knowledge of tobacco health harms and relationship to quit ratio in 17 low-income, middle-income and high-income countries

Cited by 47 publications

References 43 publications

PhenX: Vector measures for tobacco regulatory research

PhenX: Vector measures for tobacco regulatory research

Cigarette smoking quit ratios among adults in the USA with cannabis use and cannabis use disorders, 2002–2016

Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1

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