Tobacco control in developing countries: Tanzania, Nepal, China, and Thailand as examples

Sussman, Steve; Pokhrel, Pallav; Black, David S.; Kohrman, Matthew; Hamann, Stephen; Vateesatokit, Prakit; Nsimba, Stephen E. D.

doi:10.1080/14622200701587078

Cited by 40 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Limited antitobacco coalition activity was found in studies of other developing countries 5 8. In the countries examined, it was due to the non-existence of tobacco control-oriented NGOs, and where they did exist, a strong reliance on a small number of volunteers was found.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The range of barriers experienced include a lack of capacity and resource constraints, tobacco industry interference, limited antitobacco civil society involvement, limited political commitment and awareness in government officials, limited local research and monitoring and rural–urban disparity. In contrast, FCTC implementation has been very successful in Thailand, partially due to its prominent antitobacco advocacy 5 12…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the implementation of the framework convention on tobacco control in four small island developing states of the Pacific: a qualitative study

Martin

Leeuw

2013

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo determine what variables influence the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in small island developing states of the Pacific and how they affect its success or failure. To explore how barriers can be overcome and opportunities utilised to ensure an effective FCTC implementation in the Pacific Islands.DesignA mixed methods, multiple case study consisting of primarily qualitative data in the form of semistructured interviews, document analysis and opportunistic observation.SettingField visits were undertaken to collect data in the Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Palau and Nauru. The key informants were interviewed in the major cities or islands of each respective country: Rarotonga, Port Vila, Koror and Nauru.ParticipantsPurposive sampling was used to select 39 informants, whose roles were associated with FCTC implementation. Most of the participants worked in health-oriented positions in the government and non-government organisations.ResultsEach country made a significant progress towards FCTC implementation. Overall, strong policy content, public support and limited pro-tobacco coalition activity were conducive to FCTC implementation, but the challenges were evident in the form of limited capacity, limited antitobacco coalition activity and limited political commitment outside the ministries of health in each country.ConclusionsFurther efforts are needed for full FCTC implementation, through building capacity and using resources effectively, growing commitment to FCTC beyond the health sector, fostering growth in antitobacco coalition activity, exploiting the limited pro-tobacco activity that may be present and garnering public support for tobacco control. These lessons may be particularly important for other small island developing states in the Pacific and developing countries elsewhere.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the implementation of the framework convention on tobacco control in four small island developing states of the Pacific: a qualitative study

Martin

Leeuw

2013

BMJ Open

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“…In general, tobacco use has either increased or remained stable in other low-and middle-income countries over the past decade 48, , and substantial increases in consumption have been seen in some countries, such as Viet Nam and Thailand. 48,49 In developing countries, tobacco control tends to begin with awareness and to progress from there to increased policy enactment, and then to enforcement of many strong anti-tobacco policies with both governmental and activist support. Page 11 of 19 current global economic recession will impede the progress of tobacco control activities in the developing world or whether it will result in higher cessation rates requires careful monitoring and evaluation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in smoking and quitting in China from 1993 to 2003: National Health Service Survey data

Qian¹,

Cai²,

Gao³

et al. 2010

Bull. World Health Organ.

119

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Objective China has around 350 million smokers, more commonly men. Using data from National Health Service Surveys conducted in 1993, 1998 and 2003, we (i) estimated trends in smoking prevalence and cessation according to sociodemographic variables and (ii) analysed cessation rates, quitting intentions, reasons for quitting and reasons for relapsing.Methods Data were collected from approximately 57 000 households and 200 000 individuals in each survey year. Household members > 15 years of age were interviewed about their smoking habits, quitting intentions and attitudes towards smoking. We present descriptive data stratified by age, sex, income level and rural versus urban residence.Findings In China, current smoking in those > 15 years old declined from 60% to 49% in men and from 5% to 3.2% in women over 1993-2003. The decline was more marked in urban areas. However, heavy smoking (≥ 20 cigarettes daily) increased substantially overall and doubled in men. The average age of uptake also dropped by about 3 years. In 2003, 7.9% of smokers reported intending to quit, and 6% of people who had ever smoked reported having quit. Of former smokers, 40.6% quit because of illness, 26.9% to prevent disease and 10.9% for financial reasons. ConclusionSmoking prevalence declined in China over the study period, perhaps due to the combined effect of smoking cessation, reduced uptake in women and selective mortality among men over 40 years of age. However, heavy smoking increased. People in China rarely quit or intend to quit smoking, except at older ages. Further tobacco control efforts are urgently needed, especially in rural areas.

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“…Information on country labelling laws was obtained from the MPOWER report which contained a contemporaneous compilation of tobacco legislation 21 and, if incomplete, details from other sources. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] …”

Section: Promotional and Other Labelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette pack labelling in 12 countries at different levels of economic development

Mir

Buchanan

Gilmore

et al. 2011

J Public Health Pol

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With increasing restrictions on cigarette marketing, the cigarette pack itself has become a main means of marketing. We describe a method to examine cigarette labelling and use it to evaluate packs collected from 12 countries at different stages of economic development. Health warnings were present on all 115 packs of cigarettes examined, but were on the front and back panels of only 68 per cent. Promotional labels were widespread, found on packs from all countries and more numerous (although not necessarily larger) than health warning labels in 10 of the 12 countries. Deceptive terms such as 'light' and 'mild' were observed on 42 per cent of all packs examined. The simple method described here can be used to compare cigarette labelling and potentially evaluate and track the implementation of cigarette labelling policy. We found health warning legislation poorly enforced and cigarette packs widely used to promote smoking and deceive smokers about health risks. The findings underline the need for generic (plain) packaging.

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Tobacco control in developing countries: Tanzania, Nepal, China, and Thailand as examples

Cited by 40 publications

References 18 publications

Exploring the implementation of the framework convention on tobacco control in four small island developing states of the Pacific: a qualitative study

Exploring the implementation of the framework convention on tobacco control in four small island developing states of the Pacific: a qualitative study

Trends in smoking and quitting in China from 1993 to 2003: National Health Service Survey data

Cigarette pack labelling in 12 countries at different levels of economic development

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