Tobacco Use Among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from the National Health Survey

Abstract

Purpose To assess the prevalence and determinants of current tobacco use among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by utilizing secondary data taken from the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey of 2016. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. The odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was considered to interpret associations and a significant association was stated at a p -value < 0.05. Results The overall magnitude of current tobacco use was 1.4% (n= 217). Majority of them 59.91% (n= 130) smoke cigarettes and followed by smoking gaya 43.32% (n= 94). Higher prevalence was found among participants from Gambella 44.24% (n= 96), Benishangul.59% (n= 36) and afar regions 13.36% (n= 29). Age group of 25–34 years [AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.69, 4.57)], age group of ≥ 35 years [AOR = 4.24; 95% CI: 2.54, 7.07)], followers of protestant religion [AOR = 2.36; 95% CI: 4.17, 9.42], Islamic religion [AOR = 3.92; 95% CI: 2.16, 7.11], and traditional religion [AOR = 16.23; 95% CI: 8.33, 31.61], being in poorest wealth index [AOR = 15.78; 95% CI: 7.38, 33.70], poorer wealth index [AOR = 5.85; 95% CI: 2.64, 12.97], middle wealth index [AOR = 3.61; 95% CI: 1.57, 8.29], and richer wealth index [AOR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.10, 5.85], who were never in union [AOR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.67], ever drinking alcohol [AOR = 5.44; 95% CI: 3.71, 7.95] and ever chewing khat [AOR = 7.59; 95% CI: 4.99, 11.55] were factors associated with current tobacco use. Conclusion Women used tobacco in different forms, and its distribution varies across Ethiopian regional states. The concerned body needs to give attention to the identified associated factors and regions with higher tobacco use.

Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

“…We found that while age 25-34 increased the odds of female cigarette smoking, age 15-24 reduced their likelihood of smoking daily. The findings of the current study are consistent with the evidence from previous studies [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 27 ], but differ from one study in which younger ages were predisposed to smoking [ 26 ]. As explained in a prior study, low prevalence among young women might be related to the effect of the ban on advertising and the increase in tobacco taxes [ 18 ].…”

“…This study’s finding that being formerly married (divorced/separated/widowed) increased the likelihood of smoking and smoking every day among women is supported by evidence of higher odds of smoking among formerly married women from Ethiopia, Kenya and Iran [ 18 , 27 , 47 ]. In contrast, a prior study found that being married constituted a risk factor for smoking among women in Iran [ 5 ], where intrafamily conflicts, show-off and independence, and gender-equality symbols are associated with cigarette smoking among women [ 46 ].…”

“…Nonetheless, our findings should inform targeted health literacy to increase awareness of the harmful effects of cigarette smoking on human health and improve women's access to information on tobacco health risks and smoking cessation support services in South-south Nigeria [4,9,46]. This study's finding that being formerly married (divorced/separated/widowed) increased the likelihood of smoking and smoking every day among women is supported by evidence of higher odds of smoking among formerly married women from Ethiopia, Kenya and Iran [18,27,47]. In contrast, a prior study found that being married constituted a risk factor for smoking among women in Iran [5], where intrafamily conflicts, showoff and independence, and gender-equality symbols are associated with cigarette smoking among women [46].…”

“…On the determinants of cigarette smoking among women, evidence indicates that familial and partner influences [ 20 ], low income [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 ], low education [ 4 , 7 , 9 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 29 ], greater education [ 30 , 31 ], urban areas [ 5 , 7 , 21 ], rural areas [ 10 ], older age [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 27 ], younger age [ 26 ], being married [ 5 ], being formerly married (divorced/separated/widowed) [ 18 , 27 ], female-headed household [ 29 ], being employed [ 7 ], unemployment [ 4 ], perceiving distance as a problem in seeking healthcare [ 7 ], religion [ 27 ], severely food insecure women [ 32 ], depression and stress [ 26 ], narcissistic and impulsive personality traits [ 28 ], region heterogeneity [ 7 , 21 ], multiparity [ 4 ], television viewing [ 23 ], and intimate partner sexual violence [ 33 ] increased the likelihood of cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age.…”

Tobacco use in Haiti: findings from demographic and health survey

“…Second, we aggregated the scores of individuals at the community-level to derive the proportion of participants with high exposure for every community/cluster. Most individual and communitylevel explanatory variables were chosen based on similar factors considered in previous literatures on tobacco use as well as their availability in the data files [24,[43][44][45][46][47].…”