Tocotrienols-rich naringenin nanoemulgel for the management of diabetic wound: Fabrication, characterization and comparative in vitro evaluations

Abstract

The present research had been attempted to formulate and characterize tocotrienols-rich naringenin nanoemulgel for topical application in chronic wound conditions associated with diabetes. In due course, different phases of the nanoemulsion were chosen based on the solubility study, where combination of Capryol 90 and tocotrienols, Solutol HS15, and Transcutol P were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The nanoemulsions were formulated using the spontaneous emulsification method. Subsequently, Carbopols were incorporated to develop corresponding nanoemulgels of the optimized nanoemulsions. Thermodynamically stable optimized nanoemulgels were evaluated for their globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, viscosity, mucoadhesive property, spreadability, in vitro release and release mechanism. Further, increasing polymer concentration in the nanoemulgels was reflected with the increased mucoadhesive property with corresponding decrease in the release rate of the drug. The optimized nanoemulgel (NG1) consisted of uniform dispersion (PDI, 0.452 ​± ​0.03) of the nanometric globules (145.58 ​± ​12.5) of the dispersed phase, and negative surface charge (−21.1 ​± ​3.32 ​mV) with viscosity 297,600 ​cP and good spreadability. In vitro release of naringenin in phosphate buffer saline revealed a sustained release profile up to a maximum of 74.62 ​± ​4.54% from the formulated nanoemulgel (NG1) within the time-frame of 24 ​h. Alternatively, the release from the nanoemulsion was much higher (89.17 ​± ​2.87%), which might be due to lack of polymer coating on the dispersed oil droplets. Moreover, the in vitro release kinetics from the nanoemulgel followed the first-order release and Higuchi model with non-Fickian diffusion. Therefore, encouraging results in this research is evident in bringing a promising future in wound management, particularly associated with diabetes complications.

Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of Luliconazole Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Fungal Infection

“…is low zeta potential is due to the nonionic surfactant incorporated in our formulation. Incorporation of these globules in the polymeric matrix will hinder the movement of the globules, thereby imparting the stability of the formulation [15]. Further, the negative charge of the dispersed drugloaded oil globules might be due to the presence of anionic groups in the cosurfactant and oil core [14].…”

“…e polymeric networks in this architecture allow entrapping the dispersed globules promoting the stability of the formulation following incorporation of lipidic agents within the oil core of oil-in-water nanoemulsion. is NEG platform possesses the potential of enhanced solubility of lipophilic drugs, sustained release of the entrapped therapeutic agents, superior topical applicability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability [15,16].…”

“…e thixotropic NEG allows easy spreadability at the desired site and prolongs retention at the application site due to mucoadhesive property, where the hydrophilic nature of the formulation allows easy removal from the application site after accomplishment of desired efficacy [16,17]. A wide number of researches have been conducted with NEG-based topical formulations of lipophilic drugs for improved efficacy of the entrapped therapeutics [15,18,19].…”

Potential of Stimuli-Responsive In Situ Gel System for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Contemporary Research

“…This approach has been used for drug delivery at different body sites such as buccal, gastrointestinal, nasal, rectal, vaginal, and ocular, as it offers several advantages [9,10]. It is described as the interaction resulting from attractive forces between synthetic or natural polymers with the mucous membrane [11,12]. Figure 1 is an illustrative diagram showing the mechanism of mucoadhesion.…”

In-vitro and in-vivo evaluations of tocotrienol-rich nanoemulsified system on skin wound healing

“…The beneficial effect of tocotrienols in dermatology especially in treating melasma and skin inflammation has also been reported [ 10 – 13 ]. Zampieri et al [ 14 ] and Eileen et al [ 15 ] reported on the positive effects of topical vitamin E in surgical wound repair. Although the effect of tocotrienols in dermatology has been shown, to the best of our knowledge, in vitro and in vivo studies using red palm oil (RPO), which contains high amounts of carotenoids (500-700ppm) and vitamin E (500-1000ppm tocopherols and tocotrienols) in wound healing is limited.…”