Todorokite-type MnO2 as a zinc-ion intercalating material

Carbon-coated manganese dioxide nanoparticles and their enhanced electrochemical properties for zinc-ion battery applications

“…Additionally, 13 the intrinsically poor electrical conductivity of MnO 2 impedes the 14 electronic path way and consequently, limits its electrochemical 15 performance [4,5] . 16 Naturally abundant, low-cost, and environmentally benign 17 highly conducting materials, such as carbon can be used to over- 18 come the aforementioned limitation of MnO 2 . Carbon-coated elec- 19 trode materials such as transition metal oxides have been widely 20 studied to obtain high performance electrodes [6][7][8][9] .…”

Electrochemically-induced reversible transition from the tunneled to layered polymorphs of manganese dioxide

“…Since they are one of the major natural constituents of ocean Mn nodules, bottoms of fresh-water lakes, and river-beds, they are abundant and environmentally benign. Although some types of MnO 2 materials (γ-MnO 2 ) are already widely used commercially in alkaline batteries6, they are gaining reviving attention as promising electrode materials for ‘Zn-ion batteries', an emerging energy storage system developed for medium- to large-scale applications, such as electric vehicles and load-leveling of intermittent power sources789. Recently, as the demand for safe, low cost energy storage systems with high power densities has intensified, a variety of new energy storage systems based on multivalent cation charge carriers, such as Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Al 3+ ions, have begun to be investigated78910111213.…”

Charge storage mechanism of MnO 2 cathodes in Zn/MnO 2 batteries using ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes

“…Thus, only Zn 2+ cations may ingress into the cathode during the reduction process, as it is observed in the XPS spectra. Furthermore, intercalation of Zn 2+ cations in MnO 2 electrodes has been recently reported by other groups [4,8,9].…”

“…Intercalation of divalent cations, such as Mg 2+ and Zn 2+ , into MnO 2 have been recently reported, opening the development of an emerging energy storage system: Zn 2+ or Mg 2+ ion batteries as most viable candidates for replacing Li-ion batteries [2][3][4]8,9]. In this sense, Oh et al have published a series of papers describing the intercalation of Zn 2+ cations into different MnO 2 structures [4,8,9].…”

“…In this sense, Oh et al have published a series of papers describing the intercalation of Zn 2+ cations into different MnO 2 structures [4,8,9].…”