TOGA-TAO: A Moored Array for Real-time Measurements in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Hayes, S. P.; Mangum, L. J.; Picaut, Judicaël; Sumi, Akimasa; Takeuchi, Kensuke

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1991)072<0339:ttamaf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 356 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Discussions are given in section 4 where based on limited observations presented, a hypothesis on the cause of double ITCZs is proposed. tion, observations of surface meteorology from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO)mooring array [Hayes et al, 1991 ] were also used to explore surface conditions associated with double ITCZs. The TAO array covers an area of et al, 1993].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double ITCZs

Zhang¹

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

139

103

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double ITCZs

Zhang¹

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

139

103

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“…The main mission of these cruises is to deploy surface and sub-surface mooring systems. The surface buoys, known as TRITON buoys (Kuroda and Amitani 2001), have been deployed in the western Pacific Ocean in conjunction with the TAO (Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean) array operated by the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Hayes et al 1991;McPhaden et al 1998). During these cruises, atmospheric soundings by radiosonde have also been conducted in addition to the main oceanographic observations since the end of 1994.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Variability over the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean

Yoneyama

2003

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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In this paper, we study the characteristics of moisture variability over the tropical western Pacific warm pool region using sounding data obtained through the use of research vessels. Data used here were collected in both boreal summer and winter seasons over a nine-year period from 1993 through 2001. Sounding data are categorized into five zonal wind vertical shear modes, and then examined for common and singular features of moisture variability.The results show frequent occurrences of high relative humidity centered around 945 hPa, and 560 hPa, for any wind shear conditions, as previously found in the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) studies. We also found another small peak at 845 hPa in low-level easterly conditions. The degree of these features is modulated by wind shear mode differences. An interesting feature is that the variation of total precipitable water is well represented by the synoptic scale mid-tropospheric moisture variation. However, a close relation between the total moisture budget and the moisture variation in the boundary layer is also obtained for a time scale of less than a few days (especially the diurnal cycle).We investigated extremely dry air conditions as one factor modulating mid-tropospheric moisture. Backward air parcel trajectories show that there are two major routes for the intrusion of dry air over the warm pool. In the first, the air parcel could be traced back to higher latitudes and the upper troposphere. For this type, anticyclonic equatorward flow associated with developing mid-latitude baroclinic waves, such as Rossby wave breaking, is responsible for injecting subtropical dry air into the Tropics-as proposed by Yoneyama and Parsons for TOGA COARE dry events. In the second type, the air parcel could be traced back to the upper troposphere, but within lower latitudes in the central-eastern Pacific. For this case, the air parcel originates from the trade winds that passed over the region where dry air was injected by the anticyclonic equatorward flow associated with the baroclinic wave development in the subtropical region.The relationship between dry air conditions and large-scale features is also discussed.

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“…The fact that the SO and SSTs are tightly coupled could be a hint that the ocean subsurface, through its thermodynamics and dynamics, may be a key player in the sustainability of the SO. Theoretical advances and improvements in the observing system of the surface of the ocean -culminated with the deployment of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array, a network of moored buoys across the tropical Pacific Ocean that measure ocean variables to a depth of 500 m -led to significant developments in the understanding of ENSO (Hayes et al, 1991;McPhaden et al, 1998). The schematic of how ENSO evolves is shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: The Scientific Basis Of Seasonal Forecastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal climate forecasting

Troccoli

2010

Met. Apps

117

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ABSTRACT:The fascination of seasonal climate forecasting, of which El Niño forecasting is the prime example, comes from its multi-faceted character. Not only does it pose interesting new challenges for the climate scientific community but also it is naturally linked to a great variety of socio-economic applications. Seasonal climate forecasts are indeed becoming a most important element in some policy/decision making systems, especially within the context of climate change adaptation. Thus, seriously considering the management of risks posed by the variability of climate on the seasonal to interannual time scale is key to achieving the longer terms goals of climate change adaptation strategy. This review paper explores the main components needed to construct a seasonal forecasting system, from the physical basis of climate seasonal predictions, to the tools used for producing them, to the importance of assessing their skill, to their use in risk management decision-making. Future challenges are also examined.

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TOGA-TAO: A Moored Array for Real-time Measurements in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Cited by 356 publications

References 24 publications

Double ITCZs

Double ITCZs

Moisture Variability over the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean

Seasonal climate forecasting

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